11th ASEAN Council of Physical Education and Sport (ACPES) International Conference 2025

Despite substantial studies on the influence of emotional support from teachers on student engagement, there is a dearth of research regarding how academic motivation improves the effectiveness of teacher support in improving college student engagement. This study sought to examine the influence of academic motivation on the link between teacher emotional support and student school engagement. A total of 1,250 students consisted of 32.4% male, 60.64% female, and 6.96% identifying as LGBTQIA+, with a mean age of 18.96 (SD = 1.557). Data analysis was conducted with the PROCESS macro for SPSS version 20. The findings indicated that teacher emotional support significantly predicts academic motivation [F (1, 1248) = 225.625, p<.001] and school engagement among college students [F (2,1247) = 339.675, p<.001]. The teacher's emotional support demonstrates that the model explains 15.3% of the variability in academic motivation and 35.3% of the variance in school engagement. Furthermore, academic motivation partially mediated the relationship between teacher emotional support and student school engagement (β = .145 (.012), 95% CI [.121, .174]). The study highlights the essential role of academic motivation in enhancing school engagement when enhanced by teacher emotional support. The study underscores the importance of academic motivation and emotional support, providing insights for the enhancement of educational practices that might lead to increased academic engagement, achievement, and personal development, thus satisfying the key objectives of SDG 4.

This study explores the impact of mental alertness on athletic performance among athletes from the Mindanao Association of State Tertiary Schools (MASTS) 2024, specifically those enrolled at J.H. Cerilles State College, Dumingag Campus. Recognizing that athletic excellence demands more than physical prowess, this research highlights the cognitive dimensions of sport—particularly reaction time and attention span—as critical determinants of success in high-stakes competitive environments. A quantitative correlational research design was employed, involving 61 student-athletes selected through total enumeration. Standardized instruments were adapted from the ZOGIM-A Mental Alertness Questionnaire and the Sport Performance Perceptions Scale (SPPS) to gather data on mental alertness and performance indicators: speed, accuracy, and endurance.
Findings revealed that athletes demonstrated high levels of mental alertness, particularly in reaction time (mean = 4.32, “Highly Influential”) and attention span (mean = 4.13, “Influential”). Similarly, athletic performance was reported as largely manifested across all measured domains. Statistical analysis using Spearman rho correlation indicated significant positive relationships between mental alertness and all dimensions of athletic performance (p < 0.001). These results underscore the essential role of cognitive readiness in sports and support the integration of mental training into athletic development programs.
To address these needs, the study proposes a cognitive enhancement program—ABTIKA (Activate Brainpower Through Training and Introspection for Keen Awareness)—designed to improve reaction time, focus, and mental resilience. The study concludes that cultivating mental alertness is vital for optimizing athletic performance and recommends institutionalizing cognitive training for holistic athlete development.

Keywords: mental alertness, cognitive training, athletic performance, reaction time, sports psychology

Rollersport is a sport that is widely popular and competed at National Olympic, SEA Games, Asian Games, and others. One common issue that arises is the conflict in selecting athletes for the core team. This study explore team formation process of the Central Java Rollersport Team, which in PON XX / 2021 only won 1 silver and 1 bronze, but later in PON XXI / 2024 managed to become the second overall champion with 3 golds, 3 silvers, and 2 bronzes. This study uses a library research approach with a descriptive qualitative analysis method. The findings show that the formation of the Central Java rollerskate team used a scoring system. The medal achievements also indicate that 6 out of 8 core team athletes contributed medals. This method helps anticipate situations where a high-performing athlete may be unwell during the final test so they are not automatically disqualified. At the same time, the scoring method prevents an athlete who only excels in the final measurement test from suddenly making it into the core team. With scoring, the final core team formed is able to achieve optimal performance results.

Coaches are frequently exposed to high levels of stress, which can affect both their own wellbeing and that of their athletes. Improving mental health literacy (MHL) and recognising early signs of mental health concerns may empower coaches to practise effective self-care and enhance their professional performance. This study investigates (1) the state of MHL among sport coaches in Singapore and (2) its potential links to their psychosocial wellbeing, pedagogical approaches, and coaching outcomes. Seventeen coaches (15 men and 2 women) from diverse sporting disciplines and ethnic backgrounds took part in semi-structured interviews conducted online. Participants ranged in age from 26 to 52 and had between 2 and 35 years of coaching experience. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using Braun and Clarke’s reflexive thematic analysis method. Initial results identified 14 lower-order themes, which were organised into four overarching categories: (1) personal mental health challenges, (2) coping strategies and available support, (3) approaches to athlete mental health, and (4) unmet mental health training needs. While coaches are aware of the pressures they face, many struggle to distinguish mental health from mental illness. Informal support systems are commonly used, and there is a strong interest in incorporating practical mental health education into coaching frameworks.

Abstract
Although motivational climate is known to influence athletes’ motivation and social behavior, few studies have examined how coach-created motivational climates affect younger populations, particularly high school baseball and softball student-athletes. Grounded in Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) and Self-Determination Theory (SDT), this study examined the relationships between empowering and disempowering coach-created motivational climates, types of motivation, and prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Utilizing a quantitative research design, 153 student-athletes (71 males and 82 females, M = 15.15, SD = 1.607) from public and private schools in the Davao Region completed three self-report measures: the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaires-Coach, the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire, and the Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Sport Scale. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlations, multiple regression, MANOVA, and univariate ANOVA. Results indicated that perceptions of an empowering motivational climate were positively associated with both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, as well as prosocial behavior toward teammates. Interestingly, the positive link between empowering climate and extrinsic motivation deviated from SDT expectations. Conversely, disempowering motivational climates were positively associated with amotivation, extrinsic motivation, and antisocial behavior toward both teammates and opponents. These findings emphasize the need for coach education programs that promote empowering climates to support intrinsic motivation and prosocial development among youth athletes. Creating such motivational environments can enhance sport enjoyment, strengthen team cohesion, and contribute to more positive and inclusive youth sport experiences.

Keywords: empowering motivational climate, disempowering motivational climate, motivation, prosocial behavior, antisocial behavior.

Student's success in academic activities influenced by their emotional maturity. Emotional maturity is defined as the level of balanced emotional management, responding positively to external stimuli, and making appropriate decisions or acting based on mature considerations and remaining consistent with mood.
The purpose of this study was to assess the emotional maturity of student athletes in the Faculty of Sport Science. The method used in this study was a quantitative descriptive questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 36 items with five main indicators. The questionnaire used a Likert scale with four response options: Very Appropriate (VA), Appropriate (A), Not Appropriate (NA), and Very Not Appropriate (VNA), with a reliability value of 0.792. The subjects in this study were 128 student athletes. In this study, only 108 students completed the questionnaire, while 20 others did not complete it due to participating in training camps and other competitions, both domestically and internationally.
The results showed that the majority of student athletes 15 students fell into the very high category (13.9%), 42 students fell into the high category (38.9%), 34 students fell into the moderate category (31.5%), 13 students fell into the low category (12%), and 4 students fell into the very low category (3.7%). The conclusion of this study indicates that the majority of student athletes in the Faculty of Sport Science, UNIMED, have a high level of emotional maturity. This indicates that they are able to manage academic and athletic pressures in a balanced manner.

Keywords: Emotional Maturity, Academic Activities, Student Athletes.

Sexual harassment in higher education is a serious problem that negatively affects students' mental well-being, academic performance, and learning climate. Unfortunately, these cases often go uncovered due to stigma, fear of retaliation, and lack of effective reporting mechanisms. This article presents a comprehensive review of the prevalence of sexual harassment on campus, causative factors, psychological, social, and academic impacts experienced by victims, and evidence-based coping strategies. This research uses the literature review method by examining various relevant studies and reports in the context of higher education. The literature study shows that the prevalence of sexual harassment on campus is quite high, with contributing factors including patriarchal culture, unequal power relations, lack of education about consent, and weak campus policies. The impacts include mental disorders, decreased motivation and academic achievement, and social isolation. Therefore, this article recommends the development of strict policies, gender equality education, safe reporting mechanisms for victims, and the provision of psychosocial support to create a safe, inclusive and equitable campus.

This study aims to examine the integration of local cultural values and increase students' physical activity through the traditional game of Patok Lele in Physical Education learning in elementary schools. The Patok Lele game, which comes from the culture of the people of North Sumatra, contains elements of the value of cooperation, sportsmanship, and motor skills that are in accordance with the competencies of Physical Education learning. The research method used was descriptive qualitative with a field study approach. Data were collected through observation of student activities, interviews with Physical Education teachers, and documentation of game implementation. The results showed that the application of the Patok Lele game was able to increase students' active participation, strengthen social interaction, and instill local cultural values in the learning process. Thus, the integration of traditional games in Physical Education subjects not only contributes to the development of motor skills, but also enriches students' character education. This study recommends the use of traditional games as contextual media in Physical Education learning to preserve culture while achieving national education goals.

This study explores the motivation of youth badminton athletes, focusing on the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors in shaping performance readiness. The study employed a mixed-method approach involving semi-structured interviews and questionnaire surveys, targeting 30 active youth athletes affiliated with PB Djarum, Indonesia. Intrinsic motivation was examined through indicators such as personality traits, achievement orientation, and enjoyment, while extrinsic motivation included facilities, training methods, social support, and reward. The findings reveal that intrinsic motivation plays a more dominant role than extrinsic motivation in driving athletes’ dedication and commitment to training. Key indicators include strong personal disciplines, self-confidence, and the desire to achieve high performance. Conversely, uncertainty and moderate engagement were found in areas related to enjoyment and reward-based motivation. These results align with the self-determination theory, which emphasizes the sustainability of internally driven motivation in sport performance. The study underscores the importance of integrating psychological development into an athlete's training program to support long-term growth and career transition beyond sports.

This paper examines the progressive academicization of Silat in Malaysia between 2014 and 2024, highlighting its journey from a deeply rooted cultural tradition to an internationally recognized academic discipline. Anchored by Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) and supported by national bodies such as PASSMAL and PESONA, Silat has been institutionalized through curriculum development, international collaborations, and scientific innovation. Using a qualitative methodology comprising literature review, expert interviews, and case studies, the study maps the integration of Silat into higher education and global research ecosystems.

Key milestones include the establishment of Silat-focused coaching certifications, the application of motion analysis technology in training, and the proliferation of Silat studies in Scopus-indexed journals. Collaborative platforms such as IMACSSS and UNESCO ICM have been instrumental in elevating Silat’s academic stature and fostering cross-cultural dialogue. However, the expansion also presents challenges, such as the risk of cultural dilution and unequal knowledge partnerships.

The findings underscore the importance of safeguarding Silat’s philosophical roots while embracing interdisciplinary scholarship. Malaysia’s experience offers a forward-thinking model for integrating indigenous martial arts into academia—preserving authenticity while expanding global relevance. This study contributes to the broader discourse on traditional knowledge systems, cultural sustainability, and the evolving landscape of martial arts education.

This study aimed to explore and describe the norms, practices, and the ethos known as the “Spirit of the Game” in Ultimate Frisbee, based on narratives from players in Mindanao, Philippines. Using three research questions, the study examined these elements along with participants’ perceptions of the sport’s unique ethos.

An exploratory descriptive qualitative design was used, with data collected through semi-structured interviews and unstructured non-participant observations of selected players. Ellickson’s model of order without law framed the analysis, explaining how players regulate conduct through informal norms rather than formal refereeing, resolving conflicts through mutual negotiation.

Findings were organized into three themes: norms and practices, Spirit of the Game, and distinct features. Participants highlighted key elements such as team dynamics, bargains and negotiations, and conflict resolution as central to the sport’s informal system of norms. The “Spirit of the Game” was described as both knowledge of the rules and adherence to moral values. Distinct features noted included a community of players, mixed gender interaction, absence of cash prizes, and social events—factors seen as promoting the sport despite its lack of formal recognition.

This study contributes to the limited local literature on Ultimate Frisbee, particularly in its social-psychological dimensions. To ensure reliability, the researcher applied various qualitative strategies: a pilot study, triangulation (method, data, theory), member checking, transferability, audit trail, and bracketing.

Keywords: Distinct Features of Ultimate Frisbee, Norms and Practices in Ultimate Frisbee, Spirit of the Game

The purpose of this study was to determine how the implementation of outdoor education affects mental health. Mental health of students has become a major concern in the last decade, especially related to stress and depression that can affect student activities in the college environment. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of adventure-based outdoor education in reducing student stress. The method used in this study was an experiment with a two-group pretest-posttest design, this study involved 30 students (15 sports students and 15 non-sports students) who were selected randomly. The research instrument used the validated Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) questionnaire. The results showed that involvement in outdoor activities (outdoor education) can reduce stress levels. Based on the results of data analysis, the significance value was 0.019 which indicated a significant effect of outdoor education on student stress levels. The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant effect of outdoor education on student stress levels. Outdoor education can be used as a media or tool to reduce student stress levels.

Mental health problems like depression and sedentary behavior are increasing, especially among university students. This research and development study aimed to create and develop recreational programs to promote student happiness. The research was conducted in three phases. The sample group in the first phase consisted of 400 students from Rajamangala University of Technology, Lower Central Higher Education Network Group, Thailand, and the sample group in 2-3 phases consisted of 19 experts. The research tools used include a questionnaire and in-depth interview guidelines. Phase 1 revealed that the preferred activities among students were, e.g., outdoor/nature activities (mean = 3.13), special activities during festivals (mean = 3.11), and social activities (mean = 3.10). Phase 2 developed a recreational program that included eight activities based on student needs: 1. Separation activity...tell them to identify 2. Self-reflection activity...in the shadows of the past 3. Running activity...don't roll and fall backwards. 4. Volunteer activity for artificial coral conservation 5. Tie-dye activity...tie and dye 6. Karaoke Singing Contest activity 7. Beautiful garden arrangement in glass bottles activity and 8. Tea Tree Ranger parade activity. These programs are offered in three formats: a full-time format (eight weeks, once a week), a condensed format (four weeks, twice a week), and the interest format, which is to choose 1-2 activities according to the sub-components of happiness. A 42-item happiness assessment tool was also developed to fit the context of those students. The findings of Phase 3 were that the recreational program was feasible and suitable for implementation

Teaching psychomotor skills to students with special needs is at most times difficult especially if they are within the moderate to severe range of their condition and have intellectual difficulties. Helping them grasp the games concepts so that they can effectively apply the psychomotor skills they have learnt is even more difficult.

Most studies focus on teaching motor skills to students with special needs but not many touched on games concepts. What if there was a way to teach simple games concepts to these students providing them with the ability to enjoy playing games in an active and constructive capacity?

Feuerstein, Rand, Hoffman and Miller (1980) developed the theory to a Mediated Learning Experience (MLE) through their work with orphaned and traumatized youths Feuerstein noticed that practice focused on students’ failure to learn and not their potential for learning. He stated that “the quality of interaction between the individual and the environment via an intentional human being (the teacher) played a pivotal role” (Tan, 2003).

An action research study on the effectiveness of an MLE approach in the teaching net-barrier games concept to students was conducted in Singapore. A baseline level of games concept application was taken. Intervention using the MLE approach was implemented, and post-data collection was conducted.

Data showed a significant improvement in the application of the game concept. Based on the nature of the student cohort in special education schools, the findings were substantial. These will be shared at the session.

Arnis, the national martial art of the Philippines, embodies discipline, skill, and tradition. Developing a brochure dedicated to beginner practitioners requires careful planning, ensuring clarity, engagement, and accessibility.

A well-crafted Arnis brochure must begin with an introduction to its origins, highlighting its deep cultural roots and importance in Filipino heritage. This section should briefly discuss its evolution from traditional combat techniques to a recognized sport and self-defense system.

Next, the brochure should outline essential equipment, including rattan sticks, protective gear, and training attire. Visual aids illustrating correct grip, stance, and movement can enhance understanding, especially for those new to the practice.

Fundamental techniques such as blocking, striking, and footwork must be clearly explained, with step-by-step instructions and simple terminology to ensure ease of learning. Incorporating QR codes or links to instructional videos can provide additional learning resources.

The safety section is crucial—emphasizing proper handling of weapons, awareness of training space, and respect for fellow practitioners. By instilling safety measures early, beginners develop a responsible and disciplined mindset.

Finally, the brochure should promote local Arnis clubs and training centers, encouraging community engagement and continuous learning. A brief guide on progression and available certification programs can motivate practitioners to advance their skills.

By structuring the brochure effectively, beginners gain a strong foundation in Arnis, fostering confidence and appreciation for this dynamic martial art. A well-designed and informative guide ensures that mastery begins with understanding and proper training.

Abstract

      This study aims to (1) develop instructional innovations, integrating social media tools and tangible e-cigarette model, (2) compare the learning achievement of Grade 10 students at Satthasamut School before and after the learning program through social media tools along with tangible e-cigarette model and (3) examine students' satisfaction toward e-cigarette learning program. Research instruments included a health education lesson plan, social media tools such as Kahoot, PowerPoint, and Canva, as well as TikTok as a digital platform to campaign against e-cigarette use and designed tangible e-cigarette model was invented. The results showed that after four weeks of learning program, the mean posttest score was X̅ = 13.85, S.D. = 1.442, which was significantly higher than pretest score X̅ = 12.78, S.D. = 1.94, (p < .05). Furthermore, students' satisfaction of learning through instructional innovations was at the highest level (X̅ = 4.74, S.D. = 0.51). This study highlights that combining digital platforms and tangible tool are effective instructional innovations for enhancing students' learning outcomes and a positive shift in attitudes toward e-cigarette prevention and intention to quit vaping.

Keywords: Learning achievement, Social media tool, Tangible E-cigarette model, E-cigarette,

Introduction: Nowadays, pétanque has become increasingly popular, as it is played in various prominent sports competitions. Several studies have also reported associations between pétanque and different aspects of health. Therefore, we aimed to provide a descriptive summary of studies examining the relationship between pétanque and health status. Methods: We searched PubMed and Embase for relevant articles from inception to July 12, 2025. All full-text observational studies investigating pétanque in relation to health outcomes were included. The findings from the included studies are presented descriptively. Results: A total of seven studies investigated the association between pétanque and health status. Reported outcomes included shoulder flexion limitation (1 study), anxiety levels (1 study), reductions in total cholesterol (3 studies), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (1 study), resting heart rate (1 study), rate of perceived exertion (1 study), HbA1c levels (2 studies), and visceral fat mass (2 studies). Additionally, one study found that 65% of participants chose pétanque as their preferred sport. Conclusions: Pétanque has been associated with improvements in several health outcomes; however, further research is needed to examine these effects in detail and to control for potential confounding factors in order to generate more robust evidence.
Keywords: Pétanque, health status, descriptive, review, SDGs.

The descriptive survey study research. The objectives to study fall prevention behaviors of the elderly, and to study factors related to fall prevention behaviors of the elderly in Ban Na District, Nakhon Nayok Province. In this study, the purposive sampling was used to recruit 118 elderly samples. The questionnaire was used as a tool to collect employed quantitative data. The content validity was improved and adjusted by the suggestion of the expert. Using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient tested the reliability of the assessment tools. Health beliefs questionnaire was 0.95 level and Falling prevention behaviors questionnaire were 0.82 level. Data analysis was done by computer program. Statistic was to acquire frequencies, percentage, means, standard deviation, maximum, minimum, Chi-square test and Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient for statistically significant at 0.05 level.
The result of this study showed that the fall prevention behaviors of the samples in Ban Na District, Nakhon Nayok Province was at a moderate level 62.71% (x ̅= 52.31, S.D.=3.62 Min. = 40, Max. = 60) and overall perceive falls factors were at a moderate level 72.04% (x ̅2=164.88, S.D.=16.25, Min. =121, Max. =211). The study was also found that personal factors; education (x^2=15.73, p-value=0.000) congenital disease (x^2=8.89,p-value=0.012) were significantly associated with associated with behaviors falls prevention. The perceive susceptibility (r=0.206, p=0.025), perceived benefits (r=0.279, p=0.002 and overall perceive falls factors (r=0.236, p=0.010) were positive relationship at a low level with the behavior of fall prevention of the elderly significant at <.05.

Background: Physical literacy has become a fundamental concept in modern physical education, emphasizing holistic individual development through physical activity. The Physical Literacy in Children Questionnaire (PL-C Quest) was developed in Australia to assess children's perceived physical literacy across four domains: physical, psychological, social, and cognitive. However, validation of this instrument in the Indonesian cultural context remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the PL-C Quest among elementary school students aged 11-12 years in Bandung, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 92 elementary school students (50% male, 50% female) aged 11-12 years in Bandung. The study used purposive sampling stratified by school type (60% public, 40% private) and socioeconomic status. Validity was assessed using item-total correlation with Pearson product-moment correlation, while reliability was examined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: All 30 items demonstrated acceptable validity with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.226 to 0.677 (r > 0.207, p < 0.05). The Physical domain showed the highest item validity (P1: r = 0.677), followed by the Psychological domain (P15: r = 0.621). Internal consistency reliability was good (Cronbach's α = 0.847), indicating adequate reliability for practical use. Conclusion: The PL-C Quest demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability for measuring physical literacy among Indonesian elementary school students aged 11-12 years. The instrument can be recommended for physical literacy assessment in Indonesian physical education contexts, with consideration for cultural adaptation of items with relatively lower validity.

There is a growing need for effective early childhood interventions that promote brain development through engaging and evidence-based methods. However, limited evaluations exist on the effectiveness of workshops using structured assessment frameworks like the CIPP Model. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the "Play and Learn" workshop in enhancing young learners' brain development using Stufflebeam's CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) evaluation model. Methodology: A sample of 32 participants was selected to participate in the workshop. Data were collected using opinion questionnaires and knowledge tests, both of which demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89 and 0.91, respectively). Descriptive statistics and t-tests were used for data analysis. Key Results: 1) The workshop's principles and objectives aligned with the participants' needs and met educational standards, receiving the highest ratings. 2) Trainers were well-prepared, with clear communication and appropriate language use. 3) Learning materials, particularly handouts, were rated as highly effective. 4) Implementation adhered closely to the plan, with adequate resources and effective coordination. 5) All participants surpassed the 60% evaluation benchmark. and 5) Knowledge significantly improved post-training (M = 12.31, SD = 1.55) compared to pre-training (M = 9.16, SD = 2.23), p < .001. Conclusion: The "Play and Learn" workshop effectively enhanced young learners’ knowledge and supported brain development. The use of the CIPP Model provided a comprehensive evaluation framework, highlighting the program’s strengths in design, delivery, and impact. This study contributes valuable insights into early childhood educational program evaluation and offers a replicable model for similar interventions.

The research aimed to investigate the needs and expectations of stakeholders involved in organizing a "Play and Learn to Development of Children's Brains" workshop project. The stakeholders were categorized into three groups:participants, sponsors, and supervisors of participants. The study utilized survey questionnaires and in-depth interviews as research tools. Statistical analysis of the data included averaging, standard deviation, and percentage calculations. Key findings from the research include demographic information of the respondents, with 62.5% male, 31.25% female, and 6.25% unspecified gender. A significant portion (25%) of respondents fell within the age range of 25-30 years, predominantly holding bachelor's degrees, with the largest percentage (37.5%) being teachers. Regarding the needs and expectations of stakeholders, the survey identified high-level needs in terms of location, equipment and facilities (mean = 4.83, SD = 0.47), speakers (mean = 4.79, SD = 0.56), knowledge acquisition (mean = 4.97, SD = 0.13), activity planning (mean = 4.90, SD = 0.25) and overall expectations for successful organization (mean = 4.87, SD = 0.36). Interviews with sponsors revealed their expectation that funding or product support would contribute to achieving project objectives with the additional hope that participants would become familiar with and prefer their products in the future. Supervisors of participants emphasized their expectation that staff would apply workshop knowledge to enhance teaching, research and child development activities. Overall, the research highlighted critical insights into stakeholder needs and expectations, providing valuable guidance for organizing future educational workshops aimed at children's brain development.
Keywords:Needs and Expectations,Play and Learn Workshop,Brain Development

This study examined the effect of a hybrid learning model (interactive video and traditional games) on elementary students' basic movement skills and learning engagement. Motivated by the importance of basic movement development and low student engagement, this study used a quasi-experiment with a pre-test post-test control group design. The results showed that the hybrid learning model significantly improved both aspects compared to conventional learning. The integration of interactive videos was effective for concept understanding, while traditional games increased motivation and interaction. In conclusion, this hybrid learning model is highly effective and recommended to create a more holistic and engaging learning experience.
Keywords: Hybrid Learning, Interactive Video, Traditional Games, Basic Movement Skills, Learning Engagement, Primary School Students

Abstract
Students' shot put learning outcomes are still low. This is influenced by the teaching style of teachers and the strength of students' arm muscles, so it is necessary to examine the influence of both. This study focuses on ways to improve shot put learning outcomes. This study also aims to improve weaknesses in the physical education learning process and find solutions to make athletic activities enjoyable, happy, and able to improve physical fitness. The method used in this study is the field experiment method. The research design is a 2x2 design with three research variables: one dependent variable and two independent variables. The dependent variable is shot put performance, while the two independent variables are teaching style and arm muscle strength. The results of the study indicate that the self-check teaching style is more effective than the command teaching style in improving overall shot put performance. There is an interaction between teaching style and arm muscle strength. Students with high arm muscle strength are more suited to being taught using the command style, while students with low arm muscle strength are more effective when using the self-check style. In conclusion, the self-check teaching style is generally more effective in shot put learning. However, its effectiveness is influenced by arm muscle strength, where the command style is more suitable for students with high arm muscle strength, and the self-check style is more suitable for students with low arm muscle strength.
Keywords: Results, shot put, physical education

Gross motor skills are an important foundation for children's physical, cognitive and
psychosocial development. However, the increasing rates of obesity and physical inactivity among
Malaysian children have raised concerns about delayed motor development. This study aimed to
evaluate the effects of a rhythmic movement program on the development of gross motor skills in
primary school students aged 8 to 10 years. A total of 64 students were selected as a sample through
stratified sampling for treatment group and control group. A quasi-experimental design involving
treatment and control groups was used, with a 10-week intervention and the use of the TGMD-3
test to assess locomotor and manipulative skills. The study also took into account demographic
variables such as age, gender, body mass index, physical activity time and socioeconomic status.
The results of the study are expected to show an improvement in gross motor skills in the treatment
group and provide practical recommendations for the integration of rhythmic movement into the
primary school Physical Education curriculum in Malaysia.

This research is aimed at studying, monitoring and evaluating the transfer of knowledge gained from participating of the Play and Learn for the Young Learners' Brain Development Workshop Project, applications in the management of learning in schools, and comparing transfer of learning gained through participation in schools by variables, as well as compiling additional issues and suggestions on applying the knowledge obtained in learning management in schools and in order to recognize the value and usefulness of this training project.
The target group is 15 schoolteachers attending the training from a specific selection. The tools used to gather data are queries. Statistics used to analyze basic statistics and content analysis to analyze problems and suggest maximum frequencies.
This study evaluates the impact of a training program on teachers' ability to manage learning effectively in educational institutions. The findings reveal that teachers who participated in the training successfully applied their knowledge at an optimal level. Despite having similar in education level, teachers exhibited differences in application based on sex, age, education, school location, and teaching experience. Notably, teachers from 1st -6th grades demonstrated the most practical application of knowledge. The problem of applying knowledge was found to be that the maximum frequency was the difficulty teachers faced in designing courses for students with deficiencies in inclusive classrooms. Teachers expressed a need for additional guidance in this area. Overall, the training program was deemed valuable, providing teachers with modern, up-to-date knowledge, which they could apply and transfer effectively in their teaching practices.

This paper brings together more than a decade of Silat research led by Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), with a focus on Silat as taught and practiced within the Seni Silat Malaysia curriculum. Drawing from 47 studies published between 2013 and 2024, the synthesis maps how Silat has evolved from a traditional martial practice to a modern subject of academic, scientific, and cultural inquiry. The research highlights three major phases: early studies on physiology and fitness (2013–2016), the introduction of innovative training methods and educational models (2017–2020), and the more strategic and interdisciplinary explorations into Silat’s global identity and competition formats (2021–2024). With the formation of the AIRBORNE Research Interest Group in 2021, Silat research at UiTM entered a new phase of scholarly collaboration and strategic alignment. Themes such as Silat Tempur, recovery science, pedagogy, and cultural identity underscore Silat’s growing role in youth development and academic discourse. This study provides a comprehensive view of Silat’s research journey and offers new directions for growth new directions for its continued growth in the fields of sports science and martial arts education.

Abstract

     This study aims to realize an exchange of scientific insights, especially in physical education regarding its role in strengthening the psychosocial well-being of students at the elementary school level. The research method involves elementary school-aged children from Korea and Indonesia (ages 7–12) who participate in this study. The exploratory variable is the frequency of participation in sports classes each week, while the dependent variables include psychological well-being. The overall results of this research show that 17.9% of children reported that they were not very enthusiastic about participating in physical education classes, while 72.1% reported being very enthusiastic about engaging in physical education learning. After adjusting for academic achievement, family economic status, and levels of physical activity, it was found that greater participation in physical education classes is proportionally related to happiness in both genders and grade levels (p<0.05). On the other hand, participation in physical education classes conducted with enthusiasm is associated with a decrease/no stress in boys. The conclusion of this study is that more enthusiastic student participation in physical education classes is related to the psychological well-being of children in Korea and Indonesia. Increasing the number of mandatory physical education and sports sessions is a promising strategy to improve the psychological well-being of children in Korea and Indonesia.

Keywords: Indonesia, Korea, Physical Education, Psychosocial, Elementary School

Education moderated the nutrition literacy (NL) and physical activity (PA) among students. The objective of this study is to investigate the association of education with NL and PA, and its association with mental health, such as stress, anxiety, and depression. The design was a cross-sectional study that was conducted at the Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, State University of Surabaya. In total, we recruited 99 nutrition students and 77 physical education students. The logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between nutrition literacy, physical activity, depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Nutrition students had a higher percentage of upper average NL scores compared to physical education students (68% vs 29.5%). In addition, nutrition students had a greater percentage of low PA compared to physical education students (54.5% vs 7.4%). NL had a borderline significant 0.401 times lower risk of anxiety (p = 0.058). Moderate levels of PA were associated with lower risk of stress (OR=0.364) while high levels of PA were associated with higher risk of anxiety (OR=3.510). Education can improve NL among nutrition students and PA among physical education students. Implementing the appropriate PA with NL among students may be beneficial to improve mental health.

This research investigates the impact of service quality, customer satisfaction, and enthusiasm on the loyalty of gym members in Surabaya. A quantitative method was employed, involving 220 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 40 items, measured on a four-point Likert scale. To ensure validity, the analysis was preceded by classical assumption tests, including assessments of normality, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity and linierity. The main analysis used multiple linear regression to examine the relationships between variables. Findings revealed that all three independent variables such as service quality, satisfaction, and enthusiasm significantly and positively influenced member loyalty. Notably, customer satisfaction emerged as the most influential factor in predicting loyalty levels. Collectively, these variables accounted for 58.9% of the variance in loyalty (Adjusted R² = 0.589). The study highlights the critical role of integrating both service performance and emotional engagement in building sustained loyalty among gym users. These results offer valuable insight for fitness center managers aiming to enhance customer retention in a competitive and experience-driven health industry.

The study aimed to determine the level of motivation among students on physical activities towards health and fitness -1 (Movement Competency Training): basis for course evaluation in Jose Rizal Memorial State University. The significant questions addressed in the study were based on the following hypothesis: (1) Is there a significant difference between the demographic profile of students and the level of motivation towards the PATHFIT 1 components as follows: 3.1. Breathing and Core bracing, 3.2 Locomotor Movements, 3.3 Non-Locomotor Movements. (2) Is there a significant difference between the level of motivation among students and the PATH- FIT-1 course components as follows: 4.1. Breathing and Core bracing, 4.2 Locomotor Movements, 4.3 Non-Locomotor Movements.

The objective of this research was to study the effects of sleep behavior and physical exercise on menstrual conditions in female students at Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak Campus. The cross-sectional survey designed for determined sleep behavior, physical exercise activities, and menstrual conditions in 132 female undergraduate students-sample size with using accidental sampling. Data were collected through a questionnaire covering sleep behavior, exercise habits, and characteristics of menstrual conditions. The questionnaire was validated for content accuracy with index of item objective congruence (IOC). The statistical analysis with Chi-square test, Continuity Correction and Fisher’s Exact Test for confirmed the results revealed that female students with insufficient sleep behavior (less than 6 hours per night) and sedentary habits (no exercise or less than 30 minutes per week) were affected by various irregular menstrual conditions more than another group with sufficient sleep and more exercise lifestyle at significant level of 0.05.

Abstract

The global decline in physical fitness among youth requires the inclusion of physical fitness monitoring into health surveillance systems. Traditional clinical and field-based physical fitness assessments are often costly and time-consuming. A short scale assessing self-perceived health-related fitness has been developed as an alternative to field testing. However, further validation is needed, particularly within higher education contexts. The study aims to assess the reliability and validity of the International Fitness Scale (IFIS) for evaluating physical fitness among Filipino university students. A sample of 283 students from a small state university in Davao City, Philippines, completed the IFIS and performed a series of field-based physical fitness tests. These tests include the 20m multistage shuttle run for cardiorespiratory fitness, handgrip dynamometry and standing long jump for muscular fitness, the 4x10 shuttle run for agility/speed (motor fitness), and a modified sit-and-reach test for lower body flexibility. Results indicated that the IFIS demonstrated highly acceptable internal reliability, with a Cronbach’s alpha of .802 and item-total correlation ranging between .373 and .724. Bivariate correlation analyses showed a significant relationship between self-perceived physical fitness and various objective measures of physical fitness. These findings underscores the potential use of the IFIS in monitoring physical fitness among university students.

Keywords: fitness surveillance, college students, physical activity, cardiorespiratory endurance, exercise

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status and dysmenorrhea in female students attending the Free Methodist Vocational School in Medan, North Sumatra; to determine the relationship between exercise and dysmenorrhea in female students attending the Free Methodist Vocational School in Medan; and to determine the relationship between nutritional status and exercise with dysmenorrhea in female students attending the Free Methodist Vocational School in Medan. The sample taken in this study was 20 female students. The study was conducted in Medan Helvetia, Medan City, North Sumatra. To conduct this sampling, questionnaires were distributed, body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and the participants' height and weight were measured. The conclusion of the findings: There is a relationship between a person's dietary health and the risk of developing dysmenorrhea. rhitung equals 0.651, and tabel equals 0.4438. There is a relationship between exercising regularly and not experiencing dysmenorrhea. r count is 0.573, while the table value is 0.4438. If f count > f table > 3.88, then Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, which indicates that there is a strong relationship between X1 and X2 together to Y. Based on the hypothesis that has been explained above, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the independent factor and the dependent variable.

Physical fitness plays a vital role, not only in maintaining physical health but also in promoting mental well-being, particularly among young adults. While existing studies highlight the benefits of cardiovascular endurance and muscular strength on mental health and quality of life, research examining the contribution of other physical fitness components remains limited. Addressing this gap is an emerging priority in physical fitness research. This study explored the relationships between health-related physical fitness components and mental health outcomes among university students. A total of 233 students (30% male; 70% female), aged 18-25 years (M = 19.25, SD = 1.10), from a state university in Davao City, Mindanao, Philippines, participated in the study. Participants completed the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and underwent standardized physical fitness assessments. Correlational and regression analyses revealed significant associations between mental health outcomes and all fitness components, except for BMI and flexibility. Cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular fitness emerged as the strongest predictors of mental health outcomes. These findings support the implementation of university-based fitness programs that prioritize both muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness to better support holistic mental health and overall well-being among students.

Keywords: Health Promotion in Higher Education, Inclusive Fitness Interventions, Physical Activity for Sustainable Development, Student Well-Being, Youth Mental Health

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MINDS is a Social Services Agency in Singapore which has four schools teaching students with special needs from ages 7 years to 18 years. Teachers in MINDS Schools developed a Physical Education (PE) curriculum for students with Moderate to Severe Intellectual Disabilities (MSID) adapted from the Physical Education Teaching and Learning Syllabus from the Ministry of Education in Singapore. This development encompassed three years of lesson observations, trials, and piloting the scope and sequence to ensure the holistic development of students with special needs during PE. The curriculum focuses on Swimming, Educational Gymnastics and Dance, Games and Sports, Outdoor Education, and Physical Health and Fitness. Apart from the psychomotor and cognitive development of students, Affective learning outcomes have also been factored in to ensure the holistic development of these students with special needs. The curriculum also comprises pedagogical strategies, and assessment ideas for teachers teaching students with MSID. The presenter will share how this book was developed as well as how this can be enacted in PE lessons.

NPO/NGO Hearts of Gold is cooperating with Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport to implement the project to develop and diffuse Physical Education (PE). The author was in charge of Svay Rieng province and monitored PE classes there; she noticed that the participation of female students at the High School level are less comparing to Primary School level. There might be barriers for them to actively involve with physical education classes.
Objective: This study is to understand the top barrier for female students in 1 High School participating in physical education class. Research Design: The author uses the focus group interview. 6 focus group of students, categorized by their grade, are asked open-ended questions. Their answers were analyzed into the data by using grounded theory. This theory is a qualitative research methodology that aims to generate theories based on data that are grounded in the empirical reality of the research context. Starting with identifying the subject, coded, created meaningful themes through analytic induction and constant comparison and categorized the themes (Noble & Mitchell, 2016). Result and Discussion: In total, the author could find out 9 categories. Those categories are 1. Physical Illness, 2. Emotion, 3. Personal Issue (Intrapersonal Barrier) 4. Parents, 5. Relative (Interpersonal Barrier) 6. School, 7. Teachers, 8. Content (Institutional Barrier), 9. Neighborhood (Community Barrier) and 10. Whether (Physical Environment Barrier). Conclusion: The author could find out that top barrier for Svay Rieng High School female students to participate physical education is Intrapersonal Barrier.

Background: Motor skill development during early elementary school years is crucial for children's physical and cognitive growth. Despite its importance, there is a lack of standardized, validated instruments specifically designed for assessing motor skills in first and second-grade students.
Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the validity and reliability of a newly developed Motor Skill Instrument Test (MSIT) for first and second-grade elementary school students.
Methods: The MSIT was constructed to measure fundamental motor skills appropriate for early elementary students. The test consists of 9 motor skill items. The instrument was administered to a sample of 54 students from first and second grade at an elementary school in Surabaya, Indonesia. Each student completed all test items under standardized conditions. To evaluate the instrument’s validity, item-total correlations were calculated using Pearson's correlation via SPSS 25.0. Items with a significance level of p < 0.05 were considered valid. The internal consistency reliability of the instrument was measured using Cronbach’s Alpha, with values above 0.27 (r table of product moment critical score).
Results: The analysis indicated that 8 out of 9 items demonstrated statistically significant item-total correlations, confirming their construct validity (p < 0.05). The valid items included tests of balance, locomotor, and object control skills. The overall reliability of the MSIT, as indicated by Cronbach's Alpha, was 0.38 (> 0.27).
Conclusion: The findings support the MSIT as a psychometrically sound tool for assessing motor development in young children.

Keywords: Early elementary school, motor skill assessment, instrument validity, instrument reliability, physical education

Motivational climate in physical education (PE) refers to the motivational environment shaped by teachers or peers that affects students’ engagement, perceived competence, and goal orientation. While studies have shown that empowering motivational climates support basic psychological needs and intrinsic motivation, limited research has investigated their relationship with students’ self-talk in PE settings. This study examined how empowering and disempowering motivational climates, as well as basic psychological needs, predict positive and negative self-talk among senior high school students. A total of 400 Filipino students (M = 17.1, SD = 1.03) from public and private schools completed validated self-reported measures: the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire-PE, the Basic Psychological Needs in PE Scale, and the Automatic Self-Talk Questionnaire-PE. Correlational analyses showed that positive self-talk was positively associated with empowering motivational climate, controlling coaching, autonomy, competence, and relatedness. However, negative self-talk was positively related to disempowering motivational climates and negatively associated with task-involving, autonomy-supportive, and socially supportive environments, as well as with unmet psychological needs. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that competence need satisfaction was the strongest predictor of positive self-talk, while controlling coaching predicted negative self-talk. Competence and relatedness needs emerged as negative predictors of negative self-talk. These findings highlight the importance of fostering a task-involving, autonomy-supportive, and socially inclusive motivational environment that supports students’ psychological needs and promotes adaptive self-talk, contributing to better engagement, emotional regulation, and well-being in PE contexts.

The quality of physical education classes is difficult to be measured. NPO/NGO Hearts of Gold has developed the Physical Education (PE) in Cambodia with Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MoEYS) since 2006. While there has been developed the PE class assessment sheet and utilized for PE classes, which was developed from the Observation Checklist in Physical Education Class (Hino, 1996), there are still some inconsistencies among MoEYS members to score the sheet because of the questions and structures of the assessment sheet. In order to make them easier to use, it has been revised with more detailed, easy-to-use format during the project. In this research, the author reviews the 79 latest PE class assessment results in 3 capital and provinces (Phnom Penh, Battambang and Svay Rieng) and investigates the results of the assessment sheets and finds the characteristics of questions, school levels, classes and capital and provinces. The research found that there are some characteristics such as, 1. Objective questions have more consistency among assessor score, 2. Lower and upper secondary schools had higher scores than primary schools, 3. Certain classes had tendencies to receive lower scores, 4. Svay Rieng had more classes scored higher while Phnom Penh had only primary school data and could not compare with other provinces. The research suggests taking more data from various school levels and kinds of sport which were taught in PE classes. The author further provides some suggestions in order to be able to assess more precisely in the future.

This study explores the factors influencing students' motivation to learn English at the National Institute of Physical Education and Sports (NIPES) in Cambodia. Despite the growing importance of English for academic success and international engagement in sports-related fields, many NIPES students demonstrate low motivation and limited progress in language acquisition. The objective of this research is to identify the key motivational drivers and barriers affecting English learning among physical education trainees. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining quantitative data from student questionnaires with qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews with both students and lecturers. The findings reveal that students are primarily motivated by career advancement, international communication opportunities, and academic requirements. However, obstacles such as lack of confidence, limited exposure to English outside the classroom, and perceived irrelevance to their field hinder sustained motivation. The study concludes that contextualized English instruction—integrating sports-related content and practical communication tasks—can enhance student engagement. Moreover, support from lecturers, peer encouragement, and digital learning tools significantly contribute to maintaining interest. This research highlights the need for a more tailored curriculum and targeted motivational strategies to improve English proficiency among future sports professionals. The findings provide valuable implications for curriculum designers, educators, and policymakers seeking to strengthen English education in specialized institutions like NIPES.

This study explores the types of feedback provided by teachers—namely, “Positive Feedback” and “Corrective Feedback” and how they influence students’ motivation in Physical Education (PE) at the National Institute of Physical Education and Sports (NIPES), Cambodia. Student participation in physical education classes highlights the importance of understanding the role of feedback in enhancing engagement and performance.
Objective: this study aims to address the existing gap concerning how teacher feedback impacts student engagement in physical education at NIPES, Cambodia. It also analyses students’ perceptions and classroom practices, highlighting effective teaching strategies, active learning approaches, and long-term student motivation within the field of physical education. Methodology: the study employed qualitative methods, including interviews with five students who performed a "Rhythm Exercise," as well as classroom observations. Result and Discussion: the findings indicate that both types of feedback are important; however, “Corrective Feedback” was found to be more frequently used by teachers in class. Meanwhile, “Positive Feedback “was reported by students to increase their enjoyment and effort during lessons (based on direct student interviews). Conclusion: this study highlights the clear impact of teachers' responses to students' tendencies in the field of physical education at the National Institute of Physical Education and Sports (NIPES), Cambodia. Nevertheless, this study was limited to a single class and does not reflect a broader or more comprehensive scope.

Abstract
Based on the problems identified, the researcher obtained information and facts in the field that many students still make mistakes in passing techniques. Therefore, the researcher aims to apply a variation of exercises that are easy to understand and perform, namely the Tri Angle passing exercise variation. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the Tri Angle exercise variation on improving passing accuracy using the inside of the foot in futsal. This study employs an experimental research method, and the research design uses a “One Group Pre-Test-Post-Test Design.” This research is quantitative in nature, with the population and sample consisting of 12 futsal extracurricular students. After conducting the research, the results showed that the Tri Angle passing exercise variation has an effect on improving passing accuracy using the inside of the foot among futsal extracurricular students. The conclusion is that the variation in Tri Angle passing exercises using the inside of the foot for futsal extracurricular students indicates that this exercise variation is suitable for application to futsal extracurricular students at school.
Keywords: Exercise, Passing, Futsal

The present study evaluated the effects of Velocity-Based Training (VBT) and Circuit Training (CT) on sprint and agility performance in collegiate male handball wing players, using a randomized controlled trial with a non-training control (CON) group. Over a six-week intervention, athletes were assigned to VBT (n = 6), CT (n = 7), or CON (n = 6) groups, with all participants continuing regular handball practice. Sprint (40m) and agility (Illinois Agility Test) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Internal training load was monitored using session-RPE.

Results showed that the VBT group achieved significantly greater improvements in sprint (−0.21 ± 0.04 s) and agility (−0.38 ± 0.06 s) performance compared to CT and CON groups. The CT group demonstrated moderate improvements (sprint: −0.11 ± 0.03 s; agility: −0.21 ± 0.05 s), while the CON group showed negligible change. Despite similar training loads between VBT and CT, performance gains were greater in the VBT group, highlighting the role of neuromechanical specificity and velocity emphasis in eliciting functional adaptation.

These findings support VBT as a superior in-season training modality for improving explosive performance in handball wing players. The study offers evidence-based guidance for coaches aiming to enhance speed and agility in sport-specific contexts.

Keywords: Agility, Athletic Performance, Handball, Resistance Training, Sprinting

Strategy is a plan that is prepared before the match to obtain victory by covering various aspects such as attacking and defensive tactics. The purpose of this study is to analyze the attacking and defensive strategies used by the Indonesia U-23 national football team in the 2024 Asian Cup match. The research method used in this research is quantitative with a descriptive analysis approach. The design of the object of analysis through match videos uses a total of 24 instruments, consisting of 12 attacking aspects and 12 defensive aspects that have passed expert validation. In this study using video samples in matches at the Asian Cup in 2024. The results showed that overall, the Indonesian U-23 national team players applied a balance between attacking and defensive strategies in each match, with an average passing of 220 times and holding ball 196 times per match. However, the final completion rate of the strategy is low, reflected in the shooting results of only 7.4%. players also do a lot of ball control with an average of 160 times per match, but only clear as much as 10%. The conclusion of this study found that the attacking and defensive strategies applied by the Indonesian national football team at the 2024 Asian Cup were effective because they were able to adjust to the characteristics of the opponent through counter attacks and situational pressing. the lack of shooting made is one of the factors for the lack of opportunities to score goals against the opponent.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an eight-week plyometric training (PT) program on selected skill-related performance parameters in male football players. A total of forty male football players (Except Goalkeepers) (aged 18.5 ± 0.5 to 22.4 ± 0.5 years) were randomly divided into two groups: a plyometric training group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). The PT group engaged in bilateral and unilateral lower-limb plyometric exercises three times per week in addition to their routine football training. In contrast, the control group continued with only their standard team-based football sessions. Performance metrics including 30-meter sprint speed, dribbling ability, agility with ball, and shooting accuracy were assessed before and after the intervention period. Post-intervention analysis revealed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in sprint speed, dribbling, and agility with ball performance in the PT group, indicating the effectiveness of plyometric exercises in enhancing functional, football-specific movements. The study found no meaningful difference in shooting accuracy between the two groups. These results indicate that although plyometric training can significantly boost explosive power and skill performance in dynamic situations, it may not directly improve precision-based actions like shooting. The research highlights the value of well-designed plyometric exercises in football training programs for enhancing overall performance during matches.

Keywords: Speed, Agility, Dribbling, Unilateral and Bilateral Plyometric training

Introduction: Engaging in aerobic exercise is a well-established and accessible approach to enhancing inhibitory control and supporting brain health across the lifespan. Building on this evidence, the present study aimed to examine the overall neural changes in inhibitory control associated with aerobic exercise by applying the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) method. Methods: Activation likelihood estimation (ALE), a coordinate-based meta-analysis technique, was employed to identify consistent patterns of brain activation across multiple experiments. In this approach, activation foci are represented as probability distributions centered on their reported coordinates. Results: A total of five studies were included in this analysis. Peak activations were identified in the right Inferior Parietal Lobule, right Superior Parietal Lobule, left Precuneus, and left Cuneus. Conclusions: The current ALE meta-analysis shows that moderate intensity aerobic exercise, particularly cycling, consistently engages the inferior and superior parietal lobules, precuneus, and cuneus, regions that are essential for attentional regulation, visuospatial functions, and the integration of sensory input that supports effective inhibitory control.
Keywords: Aerobic exercise, cycling, moderate intensity, inhibitory control, ALE meta-analysis

Badminton is an intermittent high-intensity sport characterized by short bursts of explosive actions, rapid changes in direction, and minimal recovery time. The study aimed to analyze the physical fitness characteristics of elite sub-badminton athletes in East Java, Indonesia. The cross-sectional study involved 48 badminton players, including sub-elite (n = 24) and competitive athletes (n = 24), aged 18–25, both male and female, from five badminton clubs. The physical attributes measured included aerobic capacity (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1), anaerobic power (Wingate Anaerobic Test), speed and agility (5-meter and 10-meter sprint tests, T-test), strength and power (handgrip test, vertical jump, medicine ball throw), and flexibility (sit-and-reach test), following standard sports science methods. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), with effect size calculated using partial eta squared (η²). In VO₂max (mean 56.8 vs. 51.3 ml/kg/min, p < 0.001), vertical jump (52.3 vs. 45.1 cm, p < 0.01), and agility T-test (mean 9.37 vs. 10.12 sec, p < 0.05), elite players performed significantly better than sub-elite players. Both handgrip strength and anaerobic power (peak watts/kg) showed significant effect sizes (η² > 0.14). Agility and aerobic fitness did not differ by gender, but upper-body strength and flexibility did. In competitive badminton, physical fitness elements specifically, aerobic endurance, lower-body power, and agility are key performance differentiators. These results highlight the importance of targeted conditioning programs and regular profiling to maximize athletic development.
Keywords: Badminton, Performance Analysis, Intermittent sport, Physical Performance, Fitness

This study investigated the effectiveness of an intensive motor intervention for children with Developmental Delay (DD), employing a Constraints-Led Approach (CLA). This methodology emphasizes manipulating individual, task, and environmental constraints to encourage learners to discover optimal movement solutions, rather than prescribing rigid movements. Nineteen children with DD (M age = 6.44 years) participated in a quasi-experimental design, allocated to intervention (n = 11) or control (n = 8) groups. The intervention involved 8 intensive 30-minute sessions, referencing the task protocols from the Motor Assessment Test for Children (MATCH; Tan & Lim, 2020). Accommodations and varied equipment were introduced as manipulating constraints. Gross Motor Skills (GMS) were assessed using MATCH protocols at pre- and post-intervention. While overall GMS showed no statistically significant improvement (p > 0.05) after 8 sessions, component-specific analyses revealed substantial gains within the intervention groups. Specifically, stability improved by 68% in the intervention groups versus a 28% regression in the control group. Object manipulation saw a remarkable 137% gain for intervention participants compared to 78% for controls. These findings suggest that even brief, targeted interventions, when guided by a CLA that fosters problem-solving, can effectively facilitate specific motor skill improvements in children with DD. This underscores the potential of CLA in optimizing intervention efficiency, warranting further investigation with larger samples.

Abstract
The purpose of this research is to look into the use of Flipped Learning in Physical Education. The PRISMA standards for systematic reviews and meta-analyses were followed in this review investigation. The study must be published within the prior five years, from 2020 to 2024. In thesearch procedure, the following keywords are used: (1) Flipped Learning; (2) Physical Education. The search engines Science Direct (Science Citation Index Expanded; Social Science Citation Index;Arts & Humanities Science Citation Index). Flipped learning in PE benefits can provide an experimental reference for research on later adolescent education, self effacy, enhance students’ serve accuracy, serve quality, and self-reflection, influencing students’ perception and, consequently, the success of this active methodology, self-efficacy successful, concretize, particularly constructive and interactive learning activities. Flipped learning in physical education emerges as a transformative approach, leveraging digital technologies to enhance students' engagement, physical activity levels, and understanding of key concepts. By restructuring the traditional classroom model, educators can optimize class time for active participation and personalized instruction, ultimately fostering holistic development and lifelong fitness habits among students.
Keywords: Flipped Learning, Physical Education, Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Ballroom dancing in the context of Davao City, Philippines has a particular history. This case study uses a cultural approach to investigate the role of society in ballroom dancing through semi-structured interviews, archival documents, and observations. It aims to understand how ballroom dancing has been transformed into a dynamic community practice. Guided by Cultural Diffusion and Historical Theories, this research gathered data from 14 purposively sampled stakeholders employed semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and analysis of relevant documents. The analysis utilized Colaizzi’s method for thematic analysis, which yielded three central themes: first, socio-cultural incorporation on the adaptation of Filipino music, local traditions, and progressive gender norms; second, its formal institutionalization fostered by the Department of Education and local government units, which promoted ballroom as a creative art and a physical education discipline; and third, cultural caregiving wherein ballroom dancing served as a medium for healing, memory, and community. This research illustrates how Davao ballroom culture recontextualizes and transforms global dance traditions, expressive of creative defiance and cultural affirmation within local frameworks. This research expands Southeast Asian dance studies by framing ballroom as more than simply a performed activity; it serves as an embedded testament to culture, social empowerment, and heritage. The results highlight the need for cumulative policy steers, sustained institutional investment, and contextually motivated teaching frameworks necessary to cultivate and safeguard ballroom dancing as an evolved and accessible form of cultural expression in Davao City.

Keywords: Ballroom dancing, Cultural heritage, Qualitative case study, Community identity, Cultural diffusion, Davao City

This study aims to determine the interest of class XI students of SMK N 14 Medan in petanque sports. This study is a quantitative descriptive study with a survey method. The sample in this study was 75 students who were determined using a systematic simple random sampling technique with a three-interval number pattern. The data collection technique used a questionnaire consisting of 27 statement items. The instrument used was a questionnaire compiled based on indicators of interest in petanque sports. The instrument was tested by experts in the field of petanque and experts in the field of psychology. The validity test was tested using SPSS 27 with the average result of the validity test r Count 0.569 > r Table 0.3312 and the result of the reliability test of 0.938. Based on the research results, the interest of class XI students of SMK N 14 Medan is in the Very Low category of 5% (4 students), Low category of 28% (21 students), Medium category of 23% (17 students), High category of 41% (21) students, and Very High category of 3% (2 students). The conclusion of this research is that most of the interest of class XI students of SMK N 14 Medan in petanque sports is still in the moderate category. From the research results, it is recommended that schools can implement and train petanque so that it can increase student interest.

This study conducted a comparative analysis of national physical education curricula at the secondary level in Japan and Cambodia, focusing on their written curricula. While the written curriculum serves as a foundational element for educational quality, existing international comparative data—such as the OECD (2019) report—have predominantly targeted middle‑ and high-income countries, with developing nations largely absent from the analysis. Cambodia represents a noteworthy case, as a resource-limited country that has developed its own physical education curriculum with international support, reflecting its cultural and social contexts. Therefore, using Bereday’s three-stage comparative method (description, juxtaposition, comparison), the study examines official documents from both countries. Findings reveal structural similarities in curriculum goals and content areas, including an emphasis on lifelong sports participation and social competencies. Conversely, some distinctive characteristics of Cambodia’s curriculum became evident through differences observed in comparison with Japan. These include the curriculum revision policy informed by alignment with ASEAN frameworks and the incorporation of bokator, an indigenous martial art, in the martial arts content areas. These differences suggest that Cambodia’s written curriculum reflects contextual characteristics shaped by the country’s unique cultural background and constraints in educational resources. Since this study focused exclusively on a comparison of written curricula, future research should explore other dimensions—such as the taught curriculum and the learned curriculum—in order to further clarify the specific features of Cambodia’s curriculum in actual teaching and learning contexts.

This study explored the effectiveness of the Interactive Physical Learning Activity for the Young (iPLAY) exergaming system in developing the gross motor skills (GMS) of preschoolers. Traditional GMS assessment and intervention often face challenges with engagement, objectivity, and data tracking, making comprehensive and effective programs difficult. iPLAY, an innovative digital platform, aims to address these limitations by leveraging interactive exergaming technology. In a quasi-experimental design, 93 preschoolers (Intervention: n = 44, 23 girls, 21 boys; mean age = 3.81 ± 1.02 years; Control: n = 49, 26 girls, 23 boys; mean age = 4.24 ± 1.00 years) participated with parental consent and child assent. The intervention group completed 20 sessions of iPLAY exergaming system over 7 weeks, while the control group received standard assessments only. Their GMS were measured using 10 task protocols from the Motor Assessment Test for Children (MATCH; Tan & Lim, 2020) at pre-, mid-, and post-intervention. Results showed significantly greater overall GMS improvement in the intervention group compared to the control group. Specifically, the intervention group demonstrated marked progress in stability and object manipulation, and notable gains in locomotion. These findings highlight iPLAY's potential as a novel, efficient, and engaging digital intervention to enhance GMS in early childhood, offering a contemporary approach to motor skill development and assessment.

Abstract

This study investigated the effectiveness of two dance troupe models: community-based and local government unit (LGU). Financial backing and collaboration proved to be the most significant factors, with both models thriving under stronger resource allocation and teamwork. Interestingly, coaching also had a clear positive impact. The elements like facilities, recruitment, training, and rehearsals didn't show statistically significant differences between the models; their influence shouldn't be discounted. These aspects might hold equal importance for both types of dance organizations, and their effect could be more nuanced.
The study emphasized the importance of financial investment, collaboration, and professional guidance (coaching) for the success of dance troupes, regardless of their organizational structure. These factors likely create a more supportive environment, leading to better outcomes for the troupes. Future research could delve deeper into the specific mechanisms by which these factors influence effectiveness, potentially identifying which aspects were most crucial within each model.

Basicha: Development and Validation of Creative Multimedia E-learning Materials for Grade 9 Cha-Cha Dance Performance
Batiancila J1*, Morales JR.2

1 Bachelor of Physical Education, Mindanao State University - General Santos, Philippines
email: jeyrald.batiancila@msugensan.edu.ph

2 Bachelor of Physical Education, Mindanao State University - General Santos, Philippines
email : moralesjohnray021@gmail.com
*Corresponding author, email:moralesjohnray021@gmail.com

Abstract
The Basicha multimedia e?learning platform enhances Grade 9 students’ Cha?Cha dance proficiency within the Physical Education curriculum by addressing clearly identified weaknesses in Proper Execution (12.79/20) and Mastery & Timing (20.95/30), despite students showing strengths in etiquette and creativity; this performance gap stems in part from PE teachers lacking specialized dance training. Guided by the ADDIE model—Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate—the platform incorporates front? and back?angle instructional videos (including slow?motion), step?pattern tables with counts, etiquette guidance, and sequential “Next” navigation to support varied learning styles. Validation by Physical Education instructors, Dancesport professionals, and IT experts yielded very high validity in all assessed domains. Content Quality (M = 4.86), Instructional Quality (M = 4.70), Technical Quality (M = 4.73), and Accuracy (M = 4.77) resulting in an overall mean of 4.77, confirming the platform’s effectiveness in strengthening technical skills, rhythm mastery, posture, etiquette, and creative expression.
Keywords: multimedia e?learning, ADDIE model, Cha?Cha dance, dance education, instructional design, performance validation

Background

In contemporary education, secondary students are increasingly recognized as visual and kinesthetic learners who benefit significantly from multimedia-rich instruction that fosters engagement, critical thinking, and retention. Although instructional videos and interactive content have proven effective in enhancing dance education by supporting self-paced learning and technical refinement, the integration of Cha-cha instruction within Physical Education remains limited. This is largely due to inadequate teacher training and low confidence in dance pedagogy, which in turn hampers students' technical execution, rhythm, and timing. Despite the inclusion of DanceSport particularly Latin dances like the Cha-cha in the school curriculum, the absence of structured and accessible multimedia teaching resources continues to undermine its educational potential. Therefore, there is a pressing need within the Philippine Grade 9 Physical Education context for a comprehensive e-learning platform that provides clear demonstrations, rhythmic guidance, and interactive features to support both teachers and learners, and effectively address the existing gaps in Cha-cha dance instruction.
Objectives
1.What is the performance level of Grade 9 physical education students before the development of creative multimedia e-learning material in terms of:
1.1 Proper Execution;
1.2 Dance Etiquette;
1.3 Mastery in Timing; and
1.4 Choreography and Creativity?
2.What creative multimedia e-learning materials will be developed to address the cha cha dance performance of grade 9 physical education students?
3.What is the validity level of creative multimedia e-learning materials for cha cha dance performance of grade 9 physical education students in terms of:
3.1 Content Quality;
3.2 Instructional Quality;
3.3 Technical Quality; and
3.4 Accuracy?
Methods
This study employed a Research and Development (R&D) design using the ADDIE model Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate to create and validate BASICHA: Creative Multimedia for Cha Cha Dance Learning. A mixed-methods approach was utilized, combining quantitative data from Likert-scale evaluations on content, instructional, and technical quality, and qualitative insights from expert validators. The study was conducted in selected schools and institutions in South Cotabato, involving 156 Grade 9 students, 10 PE teachers, 3 licensed dancesport professionals, and 2 IT experts, all selected through purposive sampling. Data were gathered using an adapted DepEd LRMDS-based evaluation tool and analyzed using mean scores and thematic analysis. Ethical guidelines were strictly followed, with formal approval from the Institutional Ethics Review Committee (IERC). The study aimed to ensure that the developed multimedia material is pedagogically sound, technically functional, and effective in enhancing students' learning and performance in Cha Cha dance.
Results
Table 1. Diagnostic Score of Grade 9 Students Before the Development of Multimedia E-learning Material
Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mean Score Description
Score D Score D Score D Score D Score D Score D Score D Score D
Proper Execution (20%) 11.3 NSH 13.33 NSH 13 NSH 12.33 NSH 12 NSH 13.66 NSH 14 NSH 12.66 NSH 12.79 NSH
Dance Etiquette(10%) 9 VG 8.33 S 9 VG 8.33 S 8.33 S 8.66 G 9 VG 8.66 G 8.66 G
Mastery & Timing (30%) 18.33 NSH 22.33 FS 21.66 FS 21 FS 20.66 NSH 21.66 FS 22 FS 20 NSH 20.95 NSH
Choreography & Creativity (40%) 34.66 G 33.33 S 34 G 33.33 S 33.36 S 34.66 G 34 G 35 G 34.08 G
Mean Score 73.33 77.33 77.66 75 74.66 78.86 79 76.33 76.5
Description FS S S S FS S S S S
Scale: Proper Execution: 18.9 - 20 Excellent, 18 - 18.8 Very Good, 17 - 17.9 Good, 16 - 16.9 Satisfactory, 14 below Needs Special Help. Dance Etiqutte: 9.5 - 10 Excellent,, 9.0 - 9.4 Very Good, 8.5 - 8.9 Good, 8.0 - 8.4 Satisfactory, 7.4 - 7.9 Fairly Satisfactory, 7.4 below Needs Special Help. Mastery & Timing: 28.5 - 30 Excellent, 27.0 - 28.4 Very Good, 25.5 - 27.9 Good, 22.5 - 25.4 Satisfactory, 21.0 - 22.4 Fairly Satisfactory, 21 below Needs Special Help. Choreography and Creativity: 38 - 40 Excellent, 36 - 37 Very Good, 34 - 35 Good, 30 - 33 Satisfactory, 28 - 29 Fairly Satisfactory, 28 below Needs Special Help. Total Score: 95 - 100 Excellent, 90 - 94 Very Good, 85 - 89 Good, 75 - 79 Satisfactory, 70 - 74 Fairly Satisfactory, 70 below Needs Special Help.

The table 1 shows the diagnostic test results of Grade 9 students show strengths in Choreography and Creativity (34.08/40) and Dance Etiquette (8.66/10), but reveal weaknesses in Proper Execution (12.79/20) and Mastery and Timing (20.95/30). Performer 1 had the lowest overall score (73.33) due to issues in technique and timing, while Performer 7 scored highest (79) with consistent performance. The findings highlight the need for focused instruction on technical execution and rhythm, while continuing to nurture students’ creativity and etiquette.

Table 2. Key Indicators in addressing the dance performance of Grade 9 students.
Key Indicators Objective Strategy/Activity Materials/Resources References Link
Proper Execution
(12.79, NSH) Improve proper execution of students Instructional video of basic steps with proper execution WDSF Technique Books - Cha cha - cha (3rd edition) World DanceSport Federation. (2019). WDSF technique books: Cha-cha-cha (3rd ed.). Casa Musica. https://casa-musica.com/en/literature-books/206-wdsf-technique-books-cha-cha-cha-3rd-edition.html
Mastery & Timing
(20.95, NSH) Develop students mastery & timing of basic steps Instructional video of basic steps with proper timing WDSF Technique Books - Cha cha - cha (3rd edition) World DanceSport Federation. (2019). WDSF technique books: Cha-cha-cha (3rd ed.). Casa Musica. https://casa-musica.com/en/literature-books/206-wdsf-technique-books-cha-cha-cha-3rd-edition.html
Choreography & Creativity
(34.08, G) Demonstrate Originality and Expression Demonstration of advanced execution of the basic steps WDSF Technique Books - Cha cha - cha (3rd edition)

World DanceSport Federation. (2019). WDSF technique books: Cha-cha-cha (3rd ed.). Casa Musica.  https://casa-musica.com/en/literature-books/206-wdsf-technique-books-cha-cha-cha-3rd-edition.html

Dance Etiquette
(8.66, G) Learn the proper posture, behavior, and attire Dedicated section for proper posture and attire in social dance WDSF competition rules. World DanceSport Federation. (2013). WDSF competition rules. https://cdnb.worlddancesport.org/legacy-docs/competition/rules%20and%20bidding/2013/Competition%20Rules.pdf
Table 2 presents the key indicators used to assess the dance performance of Grade 9 students, highlighting areas that require improvement to enhance overall performance. The data emphasizes the need for significant focus on Proper Execution and Mastery & Timing, which recorded the lowest average scores among the four criteria. These results suggest that students struggle most with the technical and rhythmic aspects of the Cha-cha, such as maintaining proper posture, executing precise movements, and keeping in sync with the music. On the other hand, Choreography & Creativity and Dance Etiquette received relatively higher scores, indicating that only minor enhancements are needed in these areas. Students have shown strong potential in expressing originality and demonstrating appropriate behavior during performances. Thus, instructional efforts should prioritize refining technical skills and musical synchronization, while continuing to support and develop students' creativity and performance conduct.

Table. 3: Summary of the level of Validity of the developed e-learning materials for Grade 9 cha-cha dance mastery in physical education
Level of acceptability WM SD Description
1. Content Quality 4.86 0.34 VHV
2. Instructional Quality 4.7 0.53 VHV
3. Technical Quality 4.73 0.48 VHV
4. Accuracy 4.77 0.59 VHV
Overall Mean 4.77 VHV
Scale: Not Valid: 1.00 - 1.49, Less Valid: 1.50 - 2.49, Valid: 2.50 - 3.49, Highly Valid: 3.50 - 4.49, Very Highly Valid: 4.50 – 5
The overall acceptability of the developed e-learning materials for Grade 9 Cha-cha dance mastery in Physical Education was rated highly effective across all evaluated dimensions, as reflected in an overall mean score of 4.77, classified as Very Highly Valid (VHV). Among the four criteria, content quality achieved the highest mean of 4.86, indicating strong alignment with learning competencies, promotion of critical thinking, and use of age-appropriate language. Instructional quality followed with a mean of 4.7, affirming the material’s effectiveness in achieving educational objectives through diverse teaching strategies. Technical quality, with a mean score of 4.73, demonstrated the strength of the materials' audiovisual design and user-friendly navigation. Meanwhile, accuracy received a mean of 4.77, highlighting the clarity and correctness of content. These findings affirm that the e-learning materials are pedagogically sound and technically reliable, with only minor areas requiring improvement to further optimize the learning experience.
Conclusion
The study concludes that the Basicha creative multimedia e-learning material is a highly valid and effective tool for improving Grade 9 students’ Cha-cha performance in Physical Education. Diagnostic results highlighted technical weaknesses in Proper Execution and Mastery and Timing, which the material addressed using the ADDIE model through videos, guides, and rhythm exercises. Validation showed very high acceptability in content, instruction, technical design, and accuracy, with content quality rated highest. Overall, Basicha is a comprehensive and engaging resource that enhances Cha-cha instruction and supports meaningful student learning.
References
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Combat sports are deeply intertwined with societal and cultural constructions of masculinity, and individuals who do not conform to these norms often face marginalization. While numerous studies have examined the experiences of LGBTQ+ athletes in various sporting contexts, limited research has specifically focused on their participation in highly heteronormative spaces such as combat sports. This study addresses this gap by exploring the experiences of exclusion, the influence of identity on participation, and the coping strategies employed by LGBTQ+ athletes in combat sports. Using semi-structured interviews with nine LGBTQ+ athletes, the study uncovered themes of bias and social exclusion, dual-edge construct of identity, and resilience through self-motivation, discipline, and support. Anchored in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 10, which advocates for reducing inequalities, the findings highlight the urgent need to foster more inclusive sporting environments that fully embrace gender diversity and expression.

This paper presents Singapore's pioneering effort in developing a national PE syllabus tailored for students with moderate-to-severe Special Educational Needs (SEN). While PE is essential for promoting active lifestyles and holistic development, students with SEN often face barriers due to limited awareness of adapted physical activities. This syllabus addresses that gap by enabling meaningful participation and accommodating diverse needs across 26 SPED schools.

Background: Students with SEN face motor and/or cognitive delays that hinder physical activity participation. Although regular physical activity enhances physical functioning, mental health, and overall well-being, participation remains limited. This syllabus aims to remove barriers by offering individualized support to foster interest and motivation in PE.

Objectives:

Empower students with skills and mindset for healthy, active living

Provide clear direction on essential knowledge, skills, and attributes

Promote pedagogical rigor and collaborative teaming in SPED schools

Methods: Development involved internal and external scans, literature review, SPED workgroups, expert validation, co-construction with schools, and parent feedback.

The five learning areas are Movement Education, Games and Sports, Physical Fitness, Outdoor Education, and Aquatics. Each area includes progressive skill development across five levels with adaptations for diverse learners.

Results: The syllabus offers a structured framework, clear learning objectives, pedagogical guidance, robust assessment strategies, collaborative practices, and practical teaching resources. It emphasizes person-centered approaches and holistic development, integrating social-emotional and cognitive growth.

Conclusion: This comprehensive syllabus advances PE in SPED, balancing structure with flexibility and fostering lifelong healthy living and community participation.

Acknowledgements: MOE (Singapore), SPED educators, allied professionals, families, and partners.

Children with Down syndrome face challenges in physical and psychological development, including muscle weakness and motor delays. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of a flow -based adaptive tennis program in improving muscle strength and motivation in children with Down syndrome. Flow approach is the optimal state of fully engaged activity that balances challenge and ability.
This mixed-methods study included quantitative data from muscle strength tests (sit-to-stand and handgrips) and qualitative data from observations of children's engagement during the exercises. Ten children aged 6–10 years participated in a four-week exercise program, twice per week. Each exercise session was designed with the principles of flow: clear goals, immediate feedback, and a fun atmosphere.
Results showed an increase in leg muscle strength (from 4 to 5.6 movements) and hand grip strength (from 4.9 kg to 5.5 kg). Flow scores also increased from 6.8 to 11.4. Children appeared more focused, happy, and engaged during the exercises. Parents reported increased enthusiasm and confidence in their children.
It is concluded that flow-based adaptive tennis program is effective in improving physical strength and motivation in children with Down syndrome. Furthermore, this approach can create a positive learning environment, increase engagement, and strengthen children's social relationships during physical activity. This program is recommended for widespread implementation in adaptive sports education and therapy.
Keywords: Down Syndrome, flow, motivation, adaptive sport, adaptive tennis

Inclusive education emphasizes the importance of ensuring that all children, regardless of ability, have equal opportunities to participate in meaningful learning experiences (Gallahue, Ozmon & Goodway, 2012). Among students with learning disabilities, physical development, particularly gross motor competence, is often overlooked despite its critical role in supporting academic readiness, classroom behavior and overall well-being (Piek, Dawson, Smith & Gasson, 2008). Early intervention through structured physical activity can help build a strong foundation for improved functional abilities, yet such approaches are not consistently implemented in special education settings (Wuang, Su & Su, 2012). Children with learning disabilities often struggle with motor skills that are crucial for physical engagement and social participation (Brian et al., 2018). These motor delays can impede academic learning, self-esteem and peer interaction (Piek et al,. 2008). While international research supports the benefits of physical activity programs in improving motor outcomes (Wuang et al,. 2012), there remains a significant gap in Malaysian-based interventions, especially for early school-aged children in special education. Addressing this gap, this study evaluates a locally designed intervention program to support national inclusive education goals.

This study aims to investigate the effect of a hybrid learning model that integrates interactive video with traditional games on improving basic movement skills and learning engagement of primary school students. This learning model is designed to utilise the advantages of digital technology in material delivery (interactive video) while maintaining the pedagogical values of collaborative physical activity (traditional games). Through a quantitative approach, this research will involve primary school students as subjects to measure the effectiveness of the hybrid model in developing students' gross and fine motor aspects, as well as their level of participation and motivation in the learning process. The next two months will be dedicated to the implementation of the experiment, data collection through observation, movement skills test, and learning engagement questionnaire, as well as statistical data analysis. The results of this study are expected to contribute significantly to the development of innovative and effective learning strategies to improve the quality of physical education at the primary school level.

Digital tools have become significant in modern education, but many teacher trainers face challenges and difficulties in integrating them into their teaching practices. This study aims to investigate the challenges and problems faced by teacher trainers at the National Institute of Physical Education and Sport in using digital tools for instruction. A quantitative research method was conducted by using a Google Forms survey. There are 46 teacher trainers with 41 responses collected. The results reveal that lack of digital training, confidence, limited knowledge, lack of equipment are the main barriers for teacher trainers in National Institute of Physical Education and Sport. The study suggests that targeted digital training programs, increased access to equipment, and ongoing support are vital to help teacher trainers integrate digital tools or ICT effectively into their teaching practices. In brief, this study is vital for all teacher trainers in National Institute of Physical Education and Sport. This helps them see the effective, strength, and weaknesses of the teachers in using digital tools for their teaching. However, the research does not meet the high academic standard yet. Finally, I would like to suggest other researchers to conduct deeper to explore which digital tools are the most effective.

This study aims to develop application-based electronic teaching materials in the wrestling extracurricular course at Medan State University by applying the Outcome Based Education (OBE) approach. This study uses a research and development (R&D) method referring to the Borg and Gall model which consists of ten systematic stages, starting from research and data collection to product dissemination. The trial subjects consisted of 30 students of the Physical Education study program consisting of an initial trial of 10 students and a trial in a large group of 20 students and 3 material experts consisting of media and language. Data collection instruments were in the form of a validation questionnaire and a user response questionnaire. Data were analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis techniques in the form of percentages. The results of validation by experts showed that the electronic teaching materials were categorized as valid and suitable for use, both in terms of material content, media display, and language. Field trials showed that these teaching materials were able to improve students' understanding of basic wrestling techniques and support the achievement of learning outcomes. The OBE approach applied in this development succeeded in aligning learning objectives, processes, and evaluation. Thus, this application-based electronic teaching material can be used as an alternative learning resource in extracurricular wrestling learning in higher education.

This study aims to develop a Multi-Dimensional Training Program based on Smartwatch (PLMDS) to enhance holistic fitness—physical, mental, and emotional. With sedentary lifestyles on the rise and non-communicable diseases becoming more common, smartwatches offer strategic support for fitness through real-time data and instant feedback. This research addresses current gaps by designing a personalized training application that integrates gamification, interactive guidance, progress tracking, and online community support.

The application follows the ADDIE model: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The analysis and design phases are complete, and the project is now in development. In the analysis stage, user needs were identified, revealing key barriers like limited time, lack of motivation, and poor access to quality training. These insights guided the intervention design and program scope.

In the design stage, the training framework was structured: cardio and strength exercises for physical health, guided meditation for mental well-being, and mood tracking for emotional support. An intuitive smartwatch interface and evaluation indicators were also created based on physiological and psychological metrics.

Now in development, the program is being integrated into a smartwatch-compatible application that allows users to monitor heart rate, exercise duration, stress levels, and sleep patterns in real time. Initial trials are ongoing with 30 smartwatch users in Medan City, North Sumatra, using on-site sampling. The expected result is a technically feasible, user-friendly PLMDS application that supports sustainable holistic fitness improvement for smartwatch users.
Keywords: training program, multidimensional, smartwatch, holistic fitness,

Physical education (PE) teachers faced new challenges in the field of exercise and health promotion, as a nationwide application of Physical Activities toward Health and Fitness (PATHFit) in physical education towards improving health outcomes through movement competency. The researcher believes that through PATHFit as a new platform in teaching physical education focusing on health and fitness as integration for the improvement and expanding the scope and content of the curriculum. The readiness of the physical education teachers on the implementation of PATHFit as the new trend in teaching physical education (PE) across all courses.
The study used quantitative and qualitative; descriptive research design focusing on the implementation of PATHfit as the new platform of instruction in physical education as an advocacy for health and fitness. The study was conducted among selected HEI’s schools at the Province of Tawi-Tawi, BARMM. The researcher utilized the probability sampling technique. The sampling method that involves randomly selecting a sample, or a part of the population (physical education teachers) to determine the impact of PATHfit as new platform towards maintain health and fitness. Hence, the use of Pearson r (Product Moment Correlation) was utilize to determine the relationship on the implementation of PATHFit and the Teacher’s readiness to integrate PATHFit into the curriculum.
It was concluded that, varied approach to increase teachers’ competencies and literacy on the increasing prominence of PATHFit in physical education that serves as an avenue to promote the importance of physical fitness and its impact to health maintenance and lifestyle change. The implementation of the PATHFit is crucial towards providing lifelong learning skills both teachers and students that transcend the importance of physical activity and its effects towards health and fitness. The teachers must be equip with the right competencies, literacies and training towards effectively integrate PATHFit not limited to physical education but encourage as a health intervention plan throughout the program.
It was recommended for teachers to be open to change and not resistant to embrace the principles of PATHFit as a tool towards promoting healthier lifestyle Teachers were suggested to put emphasis on strengthening the core curriculum and training involving well – organize seminar and training for teachers to improve the implementation of PATHFit. Consequently, access opportunities like training/s to improve on his or her own professional practice were highly recommended with strong collaboration among schools domestic and abroad.

Keywords: Physical Education, Physical Activity, Health, Fitness, Lifelong Learning Skills

This study aims to: 1) determine the coaching pattern provided to athletes who participate in training, 2) determine what are the supporting and inhibiting factors for coaching Badminton UKM at the Bina Guna Sports and Health College (STOK). This research design is a qualitative study with a descriptive method. Data collection techniques are carried out by means of observation, interviews, documentation. The key instrument in this study is the researcher himself and assisted by supporting instruments in the form of a mobile phone, blank notes. The steps of data analysis are data reduction, data presentation. The results of this study are 1) The strength of Badminton UKM at STOK Bina Guna is its high-achieving athletes, 2) The weakness of Badminton UKM at STOK Bina Guna is the lack of attention from the foundation so that Badminton UKM at STOK Bina Guna still experiences a lack of facilities and infrastructure such as for heavy training equipment, 3) Opportunities that exist in the STOK Bina Guna Badminton UKM is a badminton student/athlete association that is highly respected in Medan City, especially if they have participated in district/city or provincial level events, 3) Threats (Threats) positive threats can be a motivation for athletes and coaches to improve their training achievements in the STOK Bina Guna Badminton UKM, while negative threats are the still low support from the foundation and for students/athletes who still have lecture schedules until the afternoon so that their training time is very minimal.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of combined plyometric and weight training on Shot Put performance among intercollegiate male athletes over a 12-week training intervention. Thirty-two male students, aged 21 to 28, from Dr. Sivanthi Aditanar College of Physical Education, Tiruchendur, participated in the study. The intervention involved a structured training program with progressive intensity levels ranging from 60% to 80%, assessed at three key points: before, during, and after the 12-week period. Shot Put performance served as the dependent variable, while the timing of assessment acted as the independent variable. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated measures ANOVA with a significance level set at 0.05, utilizing SPSS software. Post hoc tests were conducted when significant F-values were observed to identify the stages with notable performance differences. The results showed a consistent and statistically significant improvement in Shot Put performance, especially in the second half of the training period (weeks 6–12), as compared to the baseline and initial phase (weeks 1–6). These findings underscore the effectiveness of training cyclicity, neuromuscular adaptation, and the role
of eccentric-concentric muscle contractions in power development. The study concludes that a combined plyometric and weight training approach, when applied with proper progression, significantly enhances Shot Put performance in collegiate athletes.

Abstract
Growing interest in sports-related programs at the tertiary level has been observed as more universities now offer associate and bachelor’s degrees in this field. It is crucial to admit students who are the best fit for the program. However, not all universities that offer sports courses have a systematic screening process.

This paper describes the academic profile, fitness test results, and athletic portfolios of 76 applicants to an associate-level sports program in a state university in Mindanao. Results showed that applicants who competed in national-level events generally scored higher in the fitness tests compared to those with a lower level of competition. However, this was not consistent across all tests. Some applicants who are academically strong but have limited competitive experience also performed adequately in the physical fitness tests.

Reviewing the academic performance, physical fitness, and athletic portfolios of applicants provides valuable insights that can help define indicators that determine who will be suitable for the sports program.

Keywords: Sports program admission, physical fitness profile, athletic portfolio.

Abstract

The Special Program in Sports (SPS) plays a crucial role in enhancing the physical, social, and academic development of students, particularly those with a strong interest in athletics. This study examined the challenges faced by teacher coaches in implementing the SPS in Lanao del Norte Division for the 2024-2025 school year. The participants consisted of six teacher coaches, six school administrators, and six learners. They were chosen through a purposive sampling technique. An Interview Guide was used in gathering the data. Yin’s method of data analysis was employed in analyzing the collected data. The data gathered yielded the following main themes: 1) institutional and instructional barriers in special programs in the implementation of the sports, 2) academic, time, and motivational pressures, 3) navigating dual roles through time management, 4) enhancing learner satisfaction through support, motivation, and safety, 5) institutional and structural support systems and holistic professional growth and student-centered development. The practical implementation of the Special Program in Sports requires addressing institutional and instructional barriers, supporting teacher-coaches in balancing dual roles, and providing comprehensive resources. Schools and program implementers may provide sufficient funding, continuous capacity-building for teacher-coaches, structured institutional support, and adopt learner-centered strategies.
Keywords: motivation, sports implementation, student-athlete, support system, teacher-coaches

Abstract
This study explored the cultural, educational, and social significance of traditional Blaan games in Barangay Poblacion, Malapatan, Sarangani Province, through the development of a digital[1]repository called I Snagbet. Recognizing the limited documentation of these indigenous games and their gradual disappearance due to modernization, the research aimed to preserve and promote Blaan heritage by identifying various traditional games and showcasing them via a user-friendly web-based platform. Guided by a Research and Development (R&D) approach and employing a qualitative research design, the study utilized the Successive Approximation Model (SAM) and the Input-Process-Output (IPO) framework to create a culturally grounded digital prototype. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and desk reviews involving five (5) Blaan tribal elders and cultural bearers. The study found that games like Kmisong (fire-making), Gamti (archery), Skuya (footrace), and others not only serve recreational purposes but also transmit indigenous knowledge, moral values, and physical fitness. These traditional activities encourage cooperation, resilience, and identity-building among the youth while also enhancing educational outcomes when integrated into physical education programs. The study concluded that digital platforms can bridge traditional knowledge with modern accessibility, ensuring cultural continuity. It recommends integrating Blaan games into school curricula via the Indigenous Peoples Education (IPED) framework and conducting community-based programs to revitalize cultural practices. The I Snagbet prototype serves as a culturally sensitive, educational tool that celebrates and safeguards Blaan heritage, offering a sustainable model for other Indigenous cultural preservation efforts in the digital age.
Keywords: Indigenous Games,Educational Technology, SDG 11 and SDG 9.`

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1D_V-H9blmwWmF1oljwJjceUwullVhNy-/edit?usp=drivesdk&ouid=108901770106601270775&rtpof=true&sd=true

In the 21st century, the field of education has undergone rapid changes, placing increasing demands on student teachers. Bachelor teacher trainees in physical education, in particular, often face both academic and physical pressures that may lead to significant stress.
Purpose: This research aims to understand the level of stress, the causes of stress, and the methods of stress management among student teachers at the National Institute of Physical Education and Sports. Method: The researcher employed a mixed-method approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods. Results: Among the 25 student teachers, 22 experienced moderate stress, while one experienced high stress. The main causes of stress were excessive research assignments, high expectations for academic performance, low self-confidence, and the curriculum. For stress management, the student teachers primarily used coping strategies such as time management and adjusting their attitudes and beliefs. They did not utilize the counseling services at the National Institute because they felt too shy and lacked confidence in the effectiveness of those services.

Empirical evidence indicates that children and adolescents engaged in sports are more likely to meet physical activity guidelines compared to non-participants, and they tend to remain active in adulthood. With the high prevalence of physical inactivity among youth worldwide, sports participation provides a viable means for them to engage in physical activity. Thus, promoting youth sports participation can be an important public health strategy. The prevalence of sports participation among adolescents in the Philippines, particularly in Mindanao, remains undocumented. This cross-sectional study used data from the 2019 Functional Literacy, Education, and Mass Media Survey to describe the prevalence of sports participation among children and adolescents in Mindanao and to examine its correlates. The sample included 4,388,347 children and adolescents aged 10 to 17 years (M = 13.49, SD = 2.26), with 50.8% males and 49.2% females. Findings revealed that only 4.4% of Filipino youth reported engaging in sports. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that older adolescents and females are less likely to participate in sports, whereas those residing in rural areas and attending private schools are more inclined to engage in sports. Results suggest that most Filipino children and adolescents do not participate in any sport activities. Sports leaders, educators, health professionals, local government officials, and policymakers, need to extend sports opportunities to a broader youth demographic, rather than concentrating efforts solely on those already exhibiting athletic tendencies. Females, adolescents, urban residents, and those from public schools could particularly benefit from such initiatives.

Keywords: public health, organized sports, youth

Abstract
Mental health is an important issue in Indonesia, but still faces various challenges. The 2022 Indonesian National Youth Mental Health Survey (I-NAMHS) revealed that: 34% of Indonesian adolescents experience mental health problems. Initial data through observations of 80 students at the Bina Guna Sports and Health College, Department of Physical Education and Recreation Health regarding the description of student mental health, 64 felt easily worried, 66 fearful, 78 shy, 68 distrustful, 42 unfocused and 53 emotional. The focus of this study is to analyze the effect of yoga exercises (Kapha and Hatha), self-compassion (high and low) and gender (female and male). This study used an experimental method with a 2x2x2 factorial design. The population and sample in the study were 40 PJKR students from the 2021 class of the Bina Guna Sports and Health College, consisting of 20 females and 20 males. The measurement of students' mental health used the GHQ-12 mental health questionnaire, which consisted of 24 questions. The results of the two-way repeated measure analysis showed that there was an influence of yoga exercises (Kapha and Hatha) on mental health, there was an influence of self-composition (High and Low) on mental health, there was an influence of gender (female and male) on mental health. The conclusion of this study is that there is an influence of yoga exercises, self-composition, and gender on mental health in STOK Bina Guna Medan students.

Keywords: Yoga, Self Compossion, Gender, Mental Health, Students

Introduction: The massive increase in T2D rates worldwide is primarily due to population aging, rising obesity levels, and physical inactivity. Physical activity minimizes diabetes-related cardiovascular diseases by delaying prehypertension progression. This study aimed to determine the relationship between obesity factors and diabetes mellitus linked to physical activity in Indonesia.
Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS-5) data from 34,241 participants meeting inclusion criteria. Main risk factors were physical activity, obesity, and diabetes mellitus, with age, gender, education, marital status, and cholesterol as confounding variables.
Results: Diabetes mellitus affected 779 respondents while 33,462 were non-diabetic. Non-obese individuals had 59% lower diabetes risk (OR=0.41) than obese individuals. Moderate physical activity reduced diabetes risk by 17% (OR=0.83, 95%CI: 0.672-1.034), while vigorous activity provided 45% risk reduction (OR=0.55). Low physical activity had highest diabetes risk (OR=1.121, 95%CI: 0.948-1.326), while moderate to vigorous activity had significantly lower risk (OR=0.552, 95%CI: 0.443-0.687).
Conclusion: Individuals with low physical activity had highest diabetes risk. Obesity combined with low physical activity significantly increases diabetes mellitus risk in the Indonesian population.