11th ASEAN Council of Physical Education and Sport (ACPES) International Conference 2025

Abstract
Based on the problems identified, the researcher obtained information and facts in the field that many students still make mistakes in passing techniques. Therefore, the researcher aims to apply a variation of exercises that are easy to understand and perform, namely the Tri Angle passing exercise variation. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the Tri Angle exercise variation on improving passing accuracy using the inside of the foot in futsal. This study employs an experimental research method, and the research design uses a “One Group Pre-Test-Post-Test Design.” This research is quantitative in nature, with the population and sample consisting of 12 futsal extracurricular students. After conducting the research, the results showed that the Tri Angle passing exercise variation has an effect on improving passing accuracy using the inside of the foot among futsal extracurricular students. The conclusion is that the variation in Tri Angle passing exercises using the inside of the foot for futsal extracurricular students indicates that this exercise variation is suitable for application to futsal extracurricular students at school.
Keywords: Exercise, Passing, Futsal

The present study evaluated the effects of Velocity-Based Training (VBT) and Circuit Training (CT) on sprint and agility performance in collegiate male handball wing players, using a randomized controlled trial with a non-training control (CON) group. Over a six-week intervention, athletes were assigned to VBT (n = 6), CT (n = 7), or CON (n = 6) groups, with all participants continuing regular handball practice. Sprint (40m) and agility (Illinois Agility Test) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Internal training load was monitored using session-RPE.

Results showed that the VBT group achieved significantly greater improvements in sprint (−0.21 ± 0.04 s) and agility (−0.38 ± 0.06 s) performance compared to CT and CON groups. The CT group demonstrated moderate improvements (sprint: −0.11 ± 0.03 s; agility: −0.21 ± 0.05 s), while the CON group showed negligible change. Despite similar training loads between VBT and CT, performance gains were greater in the VBT group, highlighting the role of neuromechanical specificity and velocity emphasis in eliciting functional adaptation.

These findings support VBT as a superior in-season training modality for improving explosive performance in handball wing players. The study offers evidence-based guidance for coaches aiming to enhance speed and agility in sport-specific contexts.

Keywords: Agility, Athletic Performance, Handball, Resistance Training, Sprinting

Strategy is a plan that is prepared before the match to obtain victory by covering various aspects such as attacking and defensive tactics. The purpose of this study is to analyze the attacking and defensive strategies used by the Indonesia U-23 national football team in the 2024 Asian Cup match. The research method used in this research is quantitative with a descriptive analysis approach. The design of the object of analysis through match videos uses a total of 24 instruments, consisting of 12 attacking aspects and 12 defensive aspects that have passed expert validation. In this study using video samples in matches at the Asian Cup in 2024. The results showed that overall, the Indonesian U-23 national team players applied a balance between attacking and defensive strategies in each match, with an average passing of 220 times and holding ball 196 times per match. However, the final completion rate of the strategy is low, reflected in the shooting results of only 7.4%. players also do a lot of ball control with an average of 160 times per match, but only clear as much as 10%. The conclusion of this study found that the attacking and defensive strategies applied by the Indonesian national football team at the 2024 Asian Cup were effective because they were able to adjust to the characteristics of the opponent through counter attacks and situational pressing. the lack of shooting made is one of the factors for the lack of opportunities to score goals against the opponent.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an eight-week plyometric training (PT) program on selected skill-related performance parameters in male football players. A total of forty male football players (Except Goalkeepers) (aged 18.5 ± 0.5 to 22.4 ± 0.5 years) were randomly divided into two groups: a plyometric training group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). The PT group engaged in bilateral and unilateral lower-limb plyometric exercises three times per week in addition to their routine football training. In contrast, the control group continued with only their standard team-based football sessions. Performance metrics including 30-meter sprint speed, dribbling ability, agility with ball, and shooting accuracy were assessed before and after the intervention period. Post-intervention analysis revealed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in sprint speed, dribbling, and agility with ball performance in the PT group, indicating the effectiveness of plyometric exercises in enhancing functional, football-specific movements. The study found no meaningful difference in shooting accuracy between the two groups. These results indicate that although plyometric training can significantly boost explosive power and skill performance in dynamic situations, it may not directly improve precision-based actions like shooting. The research highlights the value of well-designed plyometric exercises in football training programs for enhancing overall performance during matches.

Keywords: Speed, Agility, Dribbling, Unilateral and Bilateral Plyometric training

Introduction: Wearable resistance (WR) is increasingly used in sport training to enhance performance by allowing athletes to perform sport-specific movements under added load. Despite its potential, research on the effects of WR during jumping kicks in Pencak Silat remains limited.
Objective: This study aims to determine the effects of wearable resistance with loading distributions on the kinematics of jumping kicks among Pencak Silat athletes.
Methodology: Fifteen university-level Pencak Silat athletes participated in a within-subjects, randomized crossover design. The acute effects of four WR conditions—3% of body mass (BM) applied at the shank, thigh, and combined shank and thigh—and an unloaded condition (0% BM) were examined during the execution of jump front kicks and back kicks. Kinematic variables analyzed included kicking velocity, kicking time, kicking height, hip angle, and leg displacement. Each participant completed one WR condition per session, with four sessions separated by at least 72 hours. Kinovea software was used for video-based motion analysis.
Results: Results showed that for the jump front kick, WR led to significantly longer kicking time, reduced kicking velocity, shorter kicking distance, and decreased hip angle and leg displacement compared to the unloaded condition. For the jump back kick, significant differences in kicking velocity were observed across WR load placements.
Discussion: This study demonstrates that applying 3% wearable resistance (WR) to the lower limbs induces subtle but measurable changes in the kinematics of jumping kicks among Pencak Silat athletes. Specifically, WR slightly reduced performance indicators such as kicking velocity, height, and displacement, particularly in the jump front kick. Although these changes were statistically significant, the magnitude of performance decline was minimal and likely within acceptable limits for training purposes. These findings suggest that low-level WR can be strategically used to stimulate neuromuscular adaptations without substantially impairing technical execution.
Conclusions: Applying 3% wearable resistance (WR) to the lower limbs resulted in measurable yet minor changes in kicking kinematics. While some performance variables such as kicking velocity and displacement were slightly reduced, the overall impact was limited. These findings support the use of WR as a sport-specific training tool to promote neuromuscular adaptation without substantially altering the measured kinematic patterns.

Cardiac Adaptations Among Universiti Putra Malaysia Rugby 7’s Athletes
Afiqah JAMALI1, Azhar YAACOB1, Safuraa SALIHAN2, Mohamed Hanief KHALID3, Muhammad Zyuraidi ABDUL MAJID4
1Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, UPM, Malaysia
2Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM, Malaysia
3Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, USIM, Malaysia
4Sports Academy, UPM, Malaysia
azhar_y@upm.edu.my
Abstract
Electrocardiography (ECG) is a crucial diagnostic instrument in sports medicine for identifying physiological cardiac adaptations and possible pathologies in athletes. Rugby 7's is a high-intensity contact sport that puts a lot of stress on the heart and lungs, which could change the rhythms of the ECG. The objective of this study was to investigate ECG findings in Universiti Putra Malaysia Rugby 7's athletes. Nineteen athletes (8 males, 11 females) performed a conventional resting 12-lead ECG evaluation. The results were divided into normal sinus rhythm, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, benign early repolarization (BER), and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). All subjects exhibited normal sinus rhythm. BER was found in 36.8% of athletes, with a higher prevalence in males (62.5%) compared to females (18.2%). One male athlete (5.3%) had LVH. There were no recorded instances of sinus bradycardia or tachycardia. Most of the Universiti Putra Malaysia Rugby 7's athletes had normal resting ECG patterns, with some benign variations that were compatible with how their bodies adjust to intense training. The results show how important it is to have regular ECG screenings to tell the difference between normal athletic remodeling and possible underlying heart problems. This will keep athletes safe and help them perform better for longer.
Keywords: ECG, cardiac adaptation, left ventricular hypertrophy, benign early repolarization
1. Introduction
Electrocardiography (ECG) is a non-invasive diagnostic method that captures the heart's electrical activity, yielding essential data on rhythm, pace, and overall cardiac function. In sports medicine, ECG is very significant for telling the difference between normal changes in the heart that happen during training and any pathological disorders that could make competition more dangerous (Melekoğlu et al., 2019). Regular intensive training, as practiced by rugby athletes, frequently results in benign ECG changes, including sinus bradycardia and elevated voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy—characteristics of the “athlete’s heart” phenomenon (Basu & Malhotra, 2018; Sokunbi et al., 2021). Nevertheless, such patterns might occasionally obscure first indications of severe illnesses like cardiomyopathies, which, if unrecognized, may render athletes susceptible to abrupt cardiac death (McClean et al., 2018).

Rugby is a high-intensity contact activity that requires a lot of endurance, strength, and speed. This puts a lot of strain on the heart and causes structural and electrical changes (Iso et al., 2023). Consequently, ECG screening is advised as an integral component of pre-participation assessments to guarantee athlete safety and the sustainability of performance (Caramoci et al., 2025).

The aim of this study was to investigate ECG findings among Universiti Putra Malaysia Rugby 7's athletes, offering insights into the prevalence and types of cardiac adaptations within this particular athletic cohort.
2. Methods
2.1 Research Design
This study is a quantitative cross-sectional design study. ECG reading was only taken once during athlete’s preparation phase before a tournament.
2.2 Participants and Procedures
The study included Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) Rugby 7’s athletes, consisting of 8 males and 11 girls, who officially represented UPM in the Malaysian University Games (MASUM) event. The final team roster sent to the UPM Sports Academy included the names of all the players, making sure that they had gone through the formal selection procedure and were actively training for competition.
2.3 ECG reading method
The subjects were comfortably lying on their backs, and their skin was prepared to make sure the electrodes made contact. The Cosmed Quark CPET machine was used to set up a typical 12-lead ECG. Before recording, athletes stayed still for five minutes. To get a baseline for heart activity, ECG data were acquired when the person was resting. This meant that there was little movement and normal breathing during the assessment.
2.4 Data Analysis
Descriptive analysis was used in this study.
2.5 Ethical Considerations
This study was approved by Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects, Universiti Putra Malaysia. The approval reference is JKEUPM-2024-1165.
3. Results and Discussion
There were 19 Universiti Putra Malaysia Rugby 7's athletes who took the ECG test, 8 men and 11 women. All of the athletes have a normal sinus rhythm. Benign early repolarization (BER), a frequent ECG variant in athletes, was more common in male athletes (62.5%) than in female athletes (18.2%). Only one male athlete (12.5%) had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and none of the female athletes had LVH. There were no cases of sinus bradycardia or sinus tachycardia found in either group. These results indicate that most of the athletes exhibited normal resting ECG patterns, with sporadic benign alterations that align with physiological responses to constant rigorous training.
Table 1: ECG Findings Among Universiti Putra Malaysia Rugby 7’s Athletes
ECG Finding Men (n=8) Women (n=11) Total (n=19) Percentage (%)
Normal sinus rhythm 8 11 18 94.7
Sinus bradycardia 0 0 0 0.0
Sinus tachycardia 0 0 0 0.0
Benign early repolarization 5 2 7 36.8
Left ventricular hypertrophy 1 0 1 5.3

This study revealed that all Universiti Putra Malaysia Rugby 7’s participants displayed normal sinus rhythm, consistent with prior literature suggesting that the majority of well-trained athletes have normal resting ECG patterns (Melekoğlu et al., 2019). No instances of sinus bradycardia were noted, which is in contrast to previous research indicating a significant occurrence of this benign adaptation in rugby athletes attributed to enhanced vagal tone from endurance training (Khalili et al., 2012; Sokunbi et al., 2021). This difference could be due to differences in the degree of training, the timing of the examination, or how each person's heart responds.

Benign early repolarization (BER) was observed in 36.8% of participants, with a greater incidence in males (62.5%) compared to females (18.2%). This sexual disparity aligns with findings indicating that ER patterns are more prevalent among male athletes, potentially reflecting training-induced electrophysiological changes (Tanguturi et al., 2012; Warrington et al., 2025). While historically regarded as benign, various ER topologies have been associated with heightened arrhythmic risk in specific populations (Elenizi, 2024; Roberts & Gollob, 2013), highlighting the necessity for meticulous interpretation.
Only one male athlete (5.3%) had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). This low prevalence stands in contrast to other rugby cohorts, where LVH is commonly documented as a component of "athlete's heart" remodeling (Iso et al., 2023; Forsythe et al., 2018). The result may be due to variances in how much training, where they play, or how their bodies are made up.
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, the athletes from Universiti Putra Malaysia Rugby 7's mostly had normal sinus rhythm, with few benign ECG abnormalities such BER and LVH. The lack of abnormal patterns indicates that these athletes have healthy cardiac responses associated with advanced training. However, because physiological and pathological ECG alterations can sometimes be the same, regular screening is still very important for finding those who are at risk early and making sure that athletes are safe during competitions.
Acknowledgment
This study was conducted under the Geran Putra Berfokus initiative with the title ‘The Difference in Electrocardiogram Screening Between Athletes and Non-Athletes' Students in UPM’.
.
References
Basu, J., & Malhotra, A. (2018). Interpreting the athlete’s ECG: Current state and future perspectives. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine, 20(12), 101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-018-0693-0
Caramoci, A., Smaranda, A., Drăgoiu, T., & Bădărău, I. (2025). Ecg screening in athletes: a systematic review of sport, age, and gender variations. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine, 26(5). https://doi.org/10.31083/rcm38209
Elenizi, K. (2024). Prevalence and clinical significance of early repolarization in athletes: A systematic review. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology, 30(1), e70032. https://doi.org/10.1111/anec.70032
Forsythe, L., MacIver, D., Johnson, C., George, K., Somauroo, J., Papadakis, M., … & Oxborough, D. (2018). The relationship between left ventricular structure and function in the elite rugby football league athlete as determined by conventional echocardiography and myocardial strain imaging. International Journal of Cardiology, 261, 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.01.140
Iso, Y., Kitai, H., Ichimori, K., Kubota, M., Tsujiuchi, M., Nagumo, S., … & Suzuki, H. (2023). Cardiac structure and cardiorespiratory fitness in young male Japanese rugby athletes. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 10(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10010012
Khalili, M., Toufan, M., & Kazemi, B. (2012). Assessment of electrocardiography, echocardiography, and heart rate variability in dynamic and static type athletes. International Journal of General Medicine, 5, 655–660. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S33247
McClean, G., Riding, N., Pieles, G., Watt, V., Adamuz, C., Sharma, S., … & Wilson, M. (2018). Diagnostic accuracy and Bayesian analysis of new international ECG recommendations in paediatric athletes. Heart, 105(2), 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2018-313466
Melekoğlu, T., Sezgin, E., Işın, A., & Türk, A. (2019). The effects of a physically active lifestyle on the health of former professional football players. Sports, 7(4), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7040075
Roberts, J. D., & Gollob, M. H. (2013). Early repolarization: A rare primary arrhythmic syndrome and common modifier of arrhythmic risk. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 24(7), 837–843. https://doi.org/10.1111/jce.12156
Sokunbi, O., Okoromah, C., Ekure, E., Olawale, O., & Eke, W. (2021). Electrocardiographic pattern of apparently healthy African adolescent athletes in Nigeria. BMC Pediatrics, 21, 317. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02557-8
Tanguturi, V. K., Noseworthy, P. A., Newton‐Cheh, C., & Baggish, A. L. (2012). The electrocardiographic early repolarization pattern in athletes. Sports Medicine, 42(5), 359–366. https://doi.org/10.2165/11630790-000000000-00000
Warrington, C., Thompson, A., Read, J., Abram, J., Mill, N., Cooper, R., … & Oxborough, D. (2025). The 12‐lead electrocardiogram of the rugby football league athlete: Impact of sex and age. European Journal of Sport Science, 25(5), 654–662. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12304

Abstract

This study evaluated the reliability and validity of a Modified Stop Signal Task (mSST) specifically designed to measure inhibitory control in athletes. Unlike the traditional Stop Signal Task (SST), which relies on abstract arrow cues, the mSST incorporated sport-specific visual stimuli using colored teammate avatars (red and blue) as go signals and an opponent as the stop signal. A total of 21 male university students from UiTM Shah Alam participated, classified into three groups: sport-specific athletes, non-specific athletes, and non-athletes. Participants completed both the SST and mSST. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 29, with reliability tested via Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and validity assessed through Pearson correlations. Results indicated strong reliability for the mSST, with an average ICC of 0.818 (p < 0.001). Construct validity was also supported, with significant correlations between mSST and SST variables, particularly goRT_all and goRT_correct (r = 1.000, p < 0.001). However, SSRT did not show significant alignment (p = 0.136). These findings suggest that the mSST is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring inhibitory control, with enhanced ecological validity due to its sport-specific visual modifications. The task holds promise for cognitive testing in athletic populations, providing a more representative measure of inhibitory control in dynamic sporting contexts.

Keywords: athletes, inhibitory control, reliability, sports psychology, validity

1. Introduction

Inhibitory control, the ability to suppress prepotent responses in favor of goal-directed actions, is a key cognitive skill underpinning athletic performance. The Stop Signal Task (SST) is a widely used paradigm to measure inhibitory control. However, its reliance on abstract arrow cues limits ecological validity when applied to athletes, who typically respond to sport-specific visual information in fast-paced environments. To address this limitation, the Modified Stop Signal Task (mSST) was developed by replacing abstract cues with sport-relevant visual representations: teammates in colored jerseys served as go signals, while an opponent blocking the path acted as the stop signal. This modification was intended to improve ecological validity while maintaining the theoretical foundation of the SST. The present study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the mSST among university students with varying athletic backgrounds. It was hypothesized that the mSST would demonstrate high reliability and strong construct validity compared to the traditional SST.

1. Methods

2.1 Research Design
This study employed a quantitative, experimental design to assess the psychometric properties of the mSST.

2.2 Participants and Procedures
Twenty-one male students (aged 18–25) from UiTM Shah Alam were recruited through convenience sampling. Participants were divided into three groups: sport-specific athletes, non-specific athletes, and non-athletes. Each participant completed both the General SST and the mSST in a controlled laboratory setting.

2.3 Instruments and Materials Used
The General SST presented arrow-based cues, while the mSST utilized teammate avatars in colored jerseys (red/blue) as directional go signals and an opposing avatar as the stop signal. Both tasks recorded measures such as goRT_all, goRT_correct, usRT, SSD, SSRT, and error rates.

2.4 Data Analysis
Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS Version 29. Reliability was evaluated with the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), while validity was tested using Pearson correlation between SST and mSST measures.

2.5 Ethical Considerations
Participation was voluntary, with informed consent obtained prior to testing. Confidentiality and the right to withdraw were guaranteed. Ethical approval was obtained from UiTM’s Research Ethics Committee.

1. Results and Discussion

3.1 Demographic Overview
All participants (n = 21) were male students aged 18–25. The sample comprised 7 sport-specific athletes (33.33%), 7 non-specific athletes (33.33%), and 7 non-athletes (33.33%).

3.2 Reliability
The ICC for the mSST demonstrated strong reliability, with an average measure of 0.818 (p < 0.001). This indicates that the task consistently measured inhibitory control across participants, supporting its use in athletic populations.

3.3 Validity
Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong construct validity between the SST and mSST, with significant positive correlations across most variables. The strongest correlations were observed for goRT_all and goRT_correct (r = 1.000, p < 0.001), followed by usRT (r = 0.968, p < 0.001) and SSD (r = 0.961, p < 0.001). However, SSRT did not yield a significant relationship (p = 0.136), suggesting variability in how inhibition latency is captured between the two tasks.

These findings align with prior studies demonstrating the utility of task modifications to enhance ecological validity while maintaining psychometric robustness. By integrating sport-specific visual stimuli, the mSST better reflects the perceptual and cognitive demands athletes face in competition, where inhibitory control is critical for decision-making under pressure.

1. Conclusion

The Modified Stop Signal Task (mSST) demonstrated strong reliability and validity in assessing inhibitory control among university students, particularly athletes. With an ICC of 0.818 and significant correlations with the General SST on key measures, the mSST offers a robust and contextually relevant tool. The lack of alignment in SSRT suggests further refinement may be needed for latency-based metrics.

Nevertheless, the incorporation of sport-specific visual stimuli enhances ecological validity, making the mSST particularly valuable for research and practice in sports psychology. Future studies should include larger, more diverse samples, including female athletes, to strengthen generalizability and explore its application across different sporting contexts.

Abstract
Perfectionism is a prevalent trait among athletes that can either serve as a driving force for achievement or contribute to psychological distress when left unmanaged. This study investigates the relationship between perfectionism and burnout among junior high school student-athletes in the Philippine context, where empirical evidence on the topic remains limited. Utilizing a quantitative descriptive-correlational design, the study surveyed student-athletes using standardized instruments to assess levels of perfectionism and burnout. Results showed high levels of self-oriented perfectionism and emerging indicators of emotional and physical exhaustion. A weak but significant correlation was found between maladaptive perfectionism and burnout. Findings emphasize the need for mental health support systems in school-based athletic programs, aligning with the global agenda of promoting well-being through sports.

Keywords: Perfectionism, Burnout, Student-Athletes, Mental Health, Junior High School

Background
Perfectionism, characterized by the pursuit of flawlessness and high personal standards, is commonly found among athletes and is often regarded as both a strength and a vulnerability (Flett & Hewitt, 2021). While adaptive perfectionism can enhance motivation and performance, maladaptive perfectionism, marked by excessive concern over mistakes and external expectations, has been linked to increased psychological strain and burnout (Hill & Madigan, 2017). Burnout in athletes typically manifests as emotional exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment, and devaluation of sport participation (Raedeke & Smith, 2001).

Despite significant international research on this topic, localized studies on perfectionism and burnout among adolescent athletes in Southeast Asia, particularly the Philippines, are scarce. Adolescents engaged in competitive sports are especially vulnerable to psychological stress due to developmental transitions and pressure to perform (Appleton & Curran, 2020). This gap in the literature calls for research that contextualizes perfectionism and burnout in Filipino youth athletes to inform appropriate educational and psychological interventions.

Objectives
This study aims to:
1. To determine the level of perfectionism among athletes.
2. To assess the level of burnout experienced by athletes.
3. To determine the relationship between perfectionism and burnout among athletes.
4. To investigate the influence of perfectionism on burnout among athletes.

Methods
A quantitative descriptive-correlational research design was adopted for this study. Participants included junior high school student-athletes from selected public and private schools in the Philippines, selected through purposive sampling. Two standardized instruments were used: the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) by Hewitt & Flett (1991), which measures personal standards, concern over mistakes, and perceived external expectations. Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) by Raedeke & Smith (2001), assessing emotional and physical exhaustion, reduced accomplishment, and sport devaluation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to determine central tendencies and Pearson’s r to assess the correlation between perfectionism dimensions and burnout indicators. Ethical protocols were followed, including informed consent and data privacy safeguards.

Results
The findings revealed that participants exhibited high levels of self-oriented perfectionism, particularly in personal standards. While the overall burnout scores were within low to moderate ranges, early signs of emotional and physical exhaustion were noted in several respondents. A weak but statistically significant positive correlation (r = .29, p < .05) was found between maladaptive perfectionism traits, particularly concern over mistakes and perceived external pressures, and burnout components, suggesting that perfectionistic tendencies may contribute to stress and fatigue over time. Adaptive forms of perfectionism, however, were not strongly associated with burnout symptoms.

Conclusion
This study highlights the dual nature of perfectionism in the lives of junior high school student-athletes. While striving for excellence is an essential aspect of competitive sport, maladaptive perfectionism may lead to emotional exhaustion and potential burnout if not properly addressed. These findings underscore the urgent need to integrate mental health and wellness programs into school-based athletic environments, particularly those that promote healthy coping strategies and resilience. In line with Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being, educational institutions, coaches, and sport organizations should be equipped to recognize psychological risks and foster balanced environments where performance and well-being can coexist. Further research is recommended to explore longitudinal effects and intervention strategies in the adolescent athletic population.

References
Appleton, P. R., & Curran, T. (2020). Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism in sport: A review and research agenda. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2019.1663255

Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2021). The perfectionism pandemic meets COVID-19: Understanding the stress, distress, and problems in living for perfectionists during the global health crisis. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 3(1), 81–105.

Hill, A. P., & Madigan, D. J. (2017). A short review of perfectionism and sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 48(4), 310–319.

Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 23(4), 281–306.

United Nations. (2021). Sustainable Development Goals: Goal 3 – Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal3

Athlete performance is the ability to achieve optimal results in sports, which is influenced by various physical, psychological, and nutritional factors. The application of an elite athlete physical performance monitoring system aims to determine the level of fitness and physical condition of athletes, which will then be combined into an application.
This study is a continuation of previous research, using a battery of fitness tests to detect fitness levels within an integrated digital administration framework. The implementation of this study is similar to that of a typical test, but the difference is that the process will be integrated online with the equipment, and the test results will be automatically entered upon completion of the test.
The research method uses the Borg and Gall Model research and development (R & D) method which is divided into 2 research stages; Stage 1, development of test tools and Stage 2, development of application software. The results of the study were tested on 100 athletes from 10 sports that the test results of three product assessment indicators that the effectiveness of product use, display of use and the results of the test evaluation on this elite athlete monitoring system application can be used with an overall percentage of 89% is suitable for use.
The conclusion of the research trial was to improve the appearance of the test equipment to make it more attractive and the appearance of the test results application to make it easier for users to read the results. This research will contribute to the development of test implementation in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia.

This report presents an innovative, strategic framework for a collegiate badminton training program developed by synthesizing the coaching philosophies of elite coaches. The program's design is guided by the Input-Process-Output (IPO) and Successive Approximation Model (SAM) frameworks, ensuring a dynamic and adaptable system for continuous improvement. The framework includes a tiered curriculum focusing on progressive skill development, from foundational drills like hitting accuracy and footwork to advanced tactical drills such as "netshot recover kill" and counter-tactics. It outlines a phased approach to physical conditioning, integrating general fitness with sport-specific endurance through high-intensity multi-feeding drills and plyometrics. The program emphasizes a continuous evaluation cycle, utilizing tools like timed drills, quarterly assessments, and performance in tournaments to monitor athlete progress and refine the training regimen. This model moves beyond a static list of drills to provide a living system that can be meticulously tailored to the diverse needs of collegiate student-athletes, enhancing their performance, fitness, and strategic thinking for competitive play.

Keywords: Badminton, Training, Collegiate Athletics, Coaching, Performance Enhancement

Abstract
This study aims to develop a psychomotor test instrument design of volleyball lower passing for elementary school students. The approach used is Research and Development (R&D), focused on the instrument design stage based on the analysis of teacher and student needs and the study of psychomotor development theory. The results of the needs analysis showed that the current assessment is still subjective, less standardised, and students need clear feedback. The instrument was designed in the form of an observation rubric with three main aspects: Start, Execution, and Follow-through, complete with detailed technical indicators and test protocols using modified balls according to student characteristics. The design emphasises technical aspects that students often struggle with, such as body position, ball contact, and coordination of movements, thus supporting a more objective and structured assessment. This instrument is still an initial design and is the basis for further research for testing and implementation in PJOK learning. Keywords: lower passing, volleyball, psychomotor, instrument, primary school

Abstract
This experimental study examined the impact of a six-week Push-Pull-Leg (PPL) resistance training program on the strength, power, and agility of male volleyball athletes at the University of Antique. Thirty male athletes were purposively assigned to either an experimental group (n=15), which participated in PPL training three times weekly for two hours per session, and a control group (n=15) that continued their regular volleyball training regimen. Pre- and post- intervention assessments included the 1-Repetition Maximum (1- RM) Bench Press to measure upper body strength, the Vertical Jump Test for explosive lower body power, and the Southeast Missouri (SEMO) Agility Test for overall agility. Nonparametric statistical analyses revealed that the experimental (PPL) group achieved significant gains in both explosive power and agility compared to the control group, which exhibited only marginal improvements. However, maximal strength enhancements were modest and did not differ significantly between groups. These findings suggest that integrating a short-term PPL resistance training protocol with routine practice can effectively improve key volleyball-specific physical attributes, particularly explosiveness and agility, in collegiate athletes. To induce greater strength adaptations, future protocols may require a longer duration and increased progressive overload. Overall, the PPL approach demonstrates promise as a supplementary training tool for volleyball players, principally for boosting power and agility.

Keywords: Resistance Training, Push-Pull-Leg, Strength, Power, Agility, Volleyball, Athletes

1.Introduction

Elite volleyball performance depends on the integration of skill, power, agility, and strength. While skill-based and aerobic training forms the bedrock of most volleyball programs, a growing body of research highlights the necessity of structured resistance training to maximize athletic outcomes3-4. The Push-Pull-Leg (PPL) split is a resistance training model that divides training sessions into days focused on pushing, pulling, and leg exercises. This approach, popular among fitness enthusiasts, is designed to ensure comprehensive muscle development and adequate recovery. Despite its appeal, limited empirical evidence exists on its efficacy for competitive athletes, especially in volleyball where explosive vertical movements and rapid direction changes are central to success. At the University of Antique, coaching analysis revealed gaps in explosive vertical power and on-court agility areas not adequately addressed by traditional routines. Guided by the theoretical frameworks of Connectionism and Periodization theories, which stress the value of readiness, systematic progression, and repeated practice, this research aimed to determine whether a structured PPL program would improve strength, power, and agility among university-level volleyball players. The central hypothesis posited greater enhancement in all three metrics for athletes completing the PPL regimen compared to standard training.

2.Methods

2.1Research Design
This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a before and after intervention approach to determine the effects of the Push-Pull-Leg (PPL) Resistance Training Programs on purposively selected thirty male volleyball athletes from the University of Antique, actively
participating during the 2024–2025 academic year.

2.2 Participants

The participants of the study were the purposively selected thirty male Volleyball Athletes from University of Antique and were randomly divided into an experimental group (n=15) and a control group (n=15). The experimental group engaged in a PPL resistance training program spanning six weeks, with three sessions per week, each lasting two hours. Training included multi-joint compound exercises designed to target push (bench press, shoulder press), pull (barbell row, pull-ups), and leg (squats, lunges) movements, and followed a progression of load and complexity while standard volleyball training continued. The control group maintained their typical volleyball training, without added resistance sessions.

2.3 Instruments and Materials used

A Push-Pull-Leg Resistance Training Program was designed and implemented as the functional training intervention. Pre- and post-intervention assessments evaluated upper body strength using the 1-RM Bench Press (Wood, 2008), explosive power with the Vertical Jump Test (Sargent, 1921), and agility using the Southeast Missouri (SEMO) Agility Test, adapted from Kirby (1971). This structured training approach allows for balanced muscle group targeting, promoting optimal recovery and strength gains, as supported by research on split training protocols

2.4. Data Analysis

All tests were administered under standard protocols and results were categorized based on normative scales. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, mean gain) were computed, and inferential analysis used the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for within-group changes and the Mann-Whitney U Test for between-group comparisons, with a significance level of 0.05.

2.5 Ethical Considerations

Ethical protocols were strictly observed. An informed consent was obtained from all participating athletes, along with the consent of their coach. Approval to conduct the study and use university facilities was granted by the University President and Sports Director. Participation was voluntary, with the right to withdraw at any time. Data confidentiality was maintained, and all training sessions were safely supervised with appropriate warm-up and cool- down routines.

3.Results & Discussion

Analysis revealed clear differences between the experimental (PPL) and control groups across all measured variables. Assessment of upper body strength via the 1-RM Bench Press revealed slight, comparable improvements in both groups. The experimental group’s mean increased from 0.63 (SD = 0.09) to 0.77 (SD = 0.11), while the control group improved from 0.70 (SD = 0.12) to 0.76 (SD = 0.13). Despite these gains, both means remained classified as “poor.” The mean difference in improvement between the groups (0.14 vs. 0.06) was not statistically significant (p = .905), indicating that short-term PPL training did not confer a clear advantage in maximal strength development over standard volleyball training.

Lower-body explosive power, measured by the Vertical Jump Test, demonstrated substantial improvement in the experimental group. Their mean performance rose from from "above average" (M = 60.20, SD = 6.69) to "excellent" (M = 72.20, SD = 6.61), with a mean gain of 12.00. In contrast, the control group improved from 60.04 (SD = 7.90) to M= 66.93 (SD = 6.54), ), a mean increase of 6.89 cm, which did not reach the “excellent” threshold. The between-group difference in power gains was statistically significant (t(28)= 2.193, p = .037), supporting the effectiveness of the PPL intervention in enhancing vertical explosive power among volleyball athletes.

Agility, assessed using the SEMO Agility Test, improved substantially in the PPL group, with mean times decreasing from 12.35 seconds (SD = 0.58) to 10.91 seconds (SD = 0.39) a shift from “average” to “good.” The control group’s mean improved from 12.51 seconds (SD = 0.60) to 11.30 seconds (SD = 0.52), also reflecting improvement, though to a lesser extent. The PPL group’s mean gain in agility (-1.44 seconds) exceeded that of the control group (-1.21 seconds Although the experimental group showed a greater reduction in agility test times, the between-group difference was not statistically significant (p =.320). Performance on the SEMO Agility Test showed pronounced gains in the PPL group, where mean times decreased from 12.35 seconds (SD = 0.58, “average”) to 10.91 seconds (SD = 0.39, “good”), resulting in an average gain of -1.44 seconds. The control group also improved, from 12.51 seconds (SD = 0.60) to 11.30 seconds (SD = 0.52), a mean gain of - 1.21 seconds. Although the experimental group showed a greater reduction in agility test times, the difference between-group was not statistically significant (p = .320). Baseline comparisons confirmed no significant differences between groups in strength, power, or agility (all p > .05), validating the comparability of groups at the outset. This strengthens confidence that the observed improvements in power and agility can be attributed to the PPL training intervention.

4.Conclusion

This study demonstrates that a structured six-week Push-Pull-Leg (PPL) resistance training program, combined with regular volleyball practice, significantly improves lower-body power and agility in male collegiate volleyball players. Gains in vertical jump and agility are attributed to the PPL's multi-joint, high-velocity exercises that enhance neuromuscular adaptation. However, no significant maximal strength improvements were observed, likely due to the program’s short duration, as longer, progressively overloaded training is generally needed for strength gains in trained athletes.
Importantly, these results show that effective performance improvements can be achieved in university settings with limited equipment, highlighting the value of well-designed resistance programs. The findings support incorporating periodized PPL training into collegiate volleyball conditioning to boost explosive power and agility, while suggesting longer interventions are necessary for strength development. Future research should explore extended training durations, varying intensities, and their impact on performance, skill acquisition, and injury prevention.

Given the shared demands for explosive power and agility, this PPL approach may also benefit athletes in sports like basketball, dragon boat racing, and lawn tennis, which require rapid, multidirectional lower-body movement.

Acknowledgement

The researchers would like to thank the student athletes, panelists, validators, and all participants who generously shared their time and insights. Their support and contributions were invaluable to the success of this study.

References

Arjuna, F., Pamungkas, G., Primasoni, N., & Rahayu, T. W. (2024). The effects of 8-week strength training toward the specific preparation phase on male volleyball athletes’ performance. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(1), 7–15. https:// doi.org/ 10.17 309/tmfv.2024. 1.01

Doma, K., Sato, K., Wilson, J., & Scott, C. (2020). Resistance training acutely impairs agility and spike-specific performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6448. https: //doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186448

Keoliya, A. A., Ramteke, S. U., Boob, M. A., & Somaiya, K. J. (2024). Enhancing volleyball athlete performance: A comprehensive review of training interventions and their impact on agility, explosive power, and strength. Cureus, 16(1), e53273. https: //doi.org/10.7759/cureus.53273

Lleshi, E. (2021). Performance of female volleyball players in VO2max. European Journal of Social Science Education and Research, 8(3).
Stricker, P., McCambridge, T., & Faigenbaum, A. (2020). Resistance training for children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 145(6), e20201011. https: //doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-10