11th ASEAN Council of Physical Education and Sport (ACPES) International Conference 2025

Abstract

     This study aims to realize an exchange of scientific insights, especially in physical education regarding its role in strengthening the psychosocial well-being of students at the elementary school level. The research method involves elementary school-aged children from Korea and Indonesia (ages 7–12) who participate in this study. The exploratory variable is the frequency of participation in sports classes each week, while the dependent variables include psychological well-being. The overall results of this research show that 17.9% of children reported that they were not very enthusiastic about participating in physical education classes, while 72.1% reported being very enthusiastic about engaging in physical education learning. After adjusting for academic achievement, family economic status, and levels of physical activity, it was found that greater participation in physical education classes is proportionally related to happiness in both genders and grade levels (p<0.05). On the other hand, participation in physical education classes conducted with enthusiasm is associated with a decrease/no stress in boys. The conclusion of this study is that more enthusiastic student participation in physical education classes is related to the psychological well-being of children in Korea and Indonesia. Increasing the number of mandatory physical education and sports sessions is a promising strategy to improve the psychological well-being of children in Korea and Indonesia.

Keywords: Indonesia, Korea, Physical Education, Psychosocial, Elementary School

Background: Physical literacy has become a fundamental concept in modern physical education, emphasizing holistic individual development through physical activity. The Physical Literacy in Children Questionnaire (PL-C Quest) was developed in Australia to assess children's perceived physical literacy across four domains: physical, psychological, social, and cognitive. However, validation of this instrument in the Indonesian cultural context remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the PL-C Quest among elementary school students aged 11-12 years in Bandung, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 92 elementary school students (50% male, 50% female) aged 11-12 years in Bandung. The study used purposive sampling stratified by school type (60% public, 40% private) and socioeconomic status. Validity was assessed using item-total correlation with Pearson product-moment correlation, while reliability was examined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: All 30 items demonstrated acceptable validity with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.226 to 0.677 (r > 0.207, p < 0.05). The Physical domain showed the highest item validity (P1: r = 0.677), followed by the Psychological domain (P15: r = 0.621). Internal consistency reliability was good (Cronbach's α = 0.847), indicating adequate reliability for practical use. Conclusion: The PL-C Quest demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability for measuring physical literacy among Indonesian elementary school students aged 11-12 years. The instrument can be recommended for physical literacy assessment in Indonesian physical education contexts, with consideration for cultural adaptation of items with relatively lower validity.

Education moderated the nutrition literacy (NL) and physical activity (PA) among students. The objective of this study is to investigate the association of education with NL and PA, and its association with mental health, such as stress, anxiety, and depression. The design was a cross-sectional study that was conducted at the Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, State University of Surabaya. In total, we recruited 99 nutrition students and 77 physical education students. The logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between nutrition literacy, physical activity, depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Nutrition students had a higher percentage of upper average NL scores compared to physical education students (68% vs 29.5%). In addition, nutrition students had a greater percentage of low PA compared to physical education students (54.5% vs 7.4%). NL had a borderline significant 0.401 times lower risk of anxiety (p = 0.058). Moderate levels of PA were associated with lower risk of stress (OR=0.364) while high levels of PA were associated with higher risk of anxiety (OR=3.510). Education can improve NL among nutrition students and PA among physical education students. Implementing the appropriate PA with NL among students may be beneficial to improve mental health.

Abstract

      This study aims to (1) develop instructional innovations, integrating social media tools and tangible e-cigarette model, (2) compare the learning achievement of Grade 10 students at Satthasamut School before and after the learning program through social media tools along with tangible e-cigarette model and (3) examine students' satisfaction toward e-cigarette learning program. Research instruments included a health education lesson plan, social media tools such as Kahoot, PowerPoint, and Canva, as well as TikTok as a digital platform to campaign against e-cigarette use and designed tangible e-cigarette model was invented. The results showed that after four weeks of learning program, the mean posttest score was X̅ = 13.85, S.D. = 1.442, which was significantly higher than pretest score X̅ = 12.78, S.D. = 1.94, (p < .05). Furthermore, students' satisfaction of learning through instructional innovations was at the highest level (X̅ = 4.74, S.D. = 0.51). This study highlights that combining digital platforms and tangible tool are effective instructional innovations for enhancing students' learning outcomes and a positive shift in attitudes toward e-cigarette prevention and intention to quit vaping.

Keywords: Learning achievement, Social media tool, Tangible E-cigarette model, E-cigarette,

This research investigates the impact of service quality, customer satisfaction, and enthusiasm on the loyalty of gym members in Surabaya. A quantitative method was employed, involving 220 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 40 items, measured on a four-point Likert scale. To ensure validity, the analysis was preceded by classical assumption tests, including assessments of normality, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity and linierity. The main analysis used multiple linear regression to examine the relationships between variables. Findings revealed that all three independent variables such as service quality, satisfaction, and enthusiasm significantly and positively influenced member loyalty. Notably, customer satisfaction emerged as the most influential factor in predicting loyalty levels. Collectively, these variables accounted for 58.9% of the variance in loyalty (Adjusted R² = 0.589). The study highlights the critical role of integrating both service performance and emotional engagement in building sustained loyalty among gym users. These results offer valuable insight for fitness center managers aiming to enhance customer retention in a competitive and experience-driven health industry.

The descriptive survey study research. The objectives to study fall prevention behaviors of the elderly, and to study factors related to fall prevention behaviors of the elderly in Ban Na District, Nakhon Nayok Province. In this study, the purposive sampling was used to recruit 118 elderly samples. The questionnaire was used as a tool to collect employed quantitative data. The content validity was improved and adjusted by the suggestion of the expert. Using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient tested the reliability of the assessment tools. Health beliefs questionnaire was 0.95 level and Falling prevention behaviors questionnaire were 0.82 level. Data analysis was done by computer program. Statistic was to acquire frequencies, percentage, means, standard deviation, maximum, minimum, Chi-square test and Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient for statistically significant at 0.05 level.
The result of this study showed that the fall prevention behaviors of the samples in Ban Na District, Nakhon Nayok Province was at a moderate level 62.71% (x ̅= 52.31, S.D.=3.62 Min. = 40, Max. = 60) and overall perceive falls factors were at a moderate level 72.04% (x ̅2=164.88, S.D.=16.25, Min. =121, Max. =211). The study was also found that personal factors; education (x^2=15.73, p-value=0.000) congenital disease (x^2=8.89,p-value=0.012) were significantly associated with associated with behaviors falls prevention. The perceive susceptibility (r=0.206, p=0.025), perceived benefits (r=0.279, p=0.002 and overall perceive falls factors (r=0.236, p=0.010) were positive relationship at a low level with the behavior of fall prevention of the elderly significant at <.05.

The study aimed to determine the level of motivation among students on physical activities towards health and fitness -1 (Movement Competency Training): basis for course evaluation in Jose Rizal Memorial State University. The significant questions addressed in the study were based on the following hypothesis: (1) Is there a significant difference between the demographic profile of students and the level of motivation towards the PATHFIT 1 components as follows: 3.1. Breathing and Core bracing, 3.2 Locomotor Movements, 3.3 Non-Locomotor Movements. (2) Is there a significant difference between the level of motivation among students and the PATH- FIT-1 course components as follows: 4.1. Breathing and Core bracing, 4.2 Locomotor Movements, 4.3 Non-Locomotor Movements.

Introduction: Nowadays, pétanque has become increasingly popular, as it is played in various prominent sports competitions. Several studies have also reported associations between pétanque and different aspects of health. Therefore, we aimed to provide a descriptive summary of studies examining the relationship between pétanque and health status. Methods: We searched PubMed and Embase for relevant articles from inception to July 12, 2025. All full-text observational studies investigating pétanque in relation to health outcomes were included. The findings from the included studies are presented descriptively. Results: A total of seven studies investigated the association between pétanque and health status. Reported outcomes included shoulder flexion limitation (1 study), anxiety levels (1 study), reductions in total cholesterol (3 studies), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (1 study), resting heart rate (1 study), rate of perceived exertion (1 study), HbA1c levels (2 studies), and visceral fat mass (2 studies). Additionally, one study found that 65% of participants chose pétanque as their preferred sport. Conclusions: Pétanque has been associated with improvements in several health outcomes; however, further research is needed to examine these effects in detail and to control for potential confounding factors in order to generate more robust evidence.
Keywords: Pétanque, health status, descriptive, review, SDGs.

This study aimed to explore and describe the norms, practices, and the ethos known as the “Spirit of the Game” in Ultimate Frisbee, based on narratives from players in Mindanao, Philippines. Using three research questions, the study examined these elements along with participants’ perceptions of the sport’s unique ethos.

An exploratory descriptive qualitative design was used, with data collected through semi-structured interviews and unstructured non-participant observations of selected players. Ellickson’s model of order without law framed the analysis, explaining how players regulate conduct through informal norms rather than formal refereeing, resolving conflicts through mutual negotiation.

Findings were organized into three themes: norms and practices, Spirit of the Game, and distinct features. Participants highlighted key elements such as team dynamics, bargains and negotiations, and conflict resolution as central to the sport’s informal system of norms. The “Spirit of the Game” was described as both knowledge of the rules and adherence to moral values. Distinct features noted included a community of players, mixed gender interaction, absence of cash prizes, and social events—factors seen as promoting the sport despite its lack of formal recognition.

This study contributes to the limited local literature on Ultimate Frisbee, particularly in its social-psychological dimensions. To ensure reliability, the researcher applied various qualitative strategies: a pilot study, triangulation (method, data, theory), member checking, transferability, audit trail, and bracketing.

Keywords: Distinct Features of Ultimate Frisbee, Norms and Practices in Ultimate Frisbee, Spirit of the Game

The objective of this research was to study the effects of sleep behavior and physical exercise on menstrual conditions in female students at Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak Campus. The cross-sectional survey designed for determined sleep behavior, physical exercise activities, and menstrual conditions in 132 female undergraduate students-sample size with using accidental sampling. Data were collected through a questionnaire covering sleep behavior, exercise habits, and characteristics of menstrual conditions. The questionnaire was validated for content accuracy with index of item objective congruence (IOC). The statistical analysis with Chi-square test, Continuity Correction and Fisher’s Exact Test for confirmed the results revealed that female students with insufficient sleep behavior (less than 6 hours per night) and sedentary habits (no exercise or less than 30 minutes per week) were affected by various irregular menstrual conditions more than another group with sufficient sleep and more exercise lifestyle at significant level of 0.05.

Exergaming, which combines physical exercise with interactive video game elements, has emerged as a promising intervention for improving the overall well-being of older adults in institutional care. This systematic literature review aimed to identify the types of exergaming interventions utilized in institutional settings, evaluate the methodological quality of existing studies, and identify research gaps. Guided by the PRISMA 2020 framework, a comprehensive search was conducted across Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science databases for studies published between 2015 and 2024. Inclusion criteria required participants aged 60 and above, implementation in institutional care environments, and the use of exergaming as a primary intervention. A total of thirty-one studies were included in the final analysis. Most interventions employed motion-based video games, gamified rehabilitation systems, and cognitively engaging dual-task platforms. Although randomized controlled trials and validated outcome measures were frequently applied, limitations such as small sample sizes, brief intervention durations, and inconsistent reporting of adherence were observed. Overall, findings demonstrated beneficial effects on physical and cognitive functions, with emerging indications of psychosocial improvements. However, social, emotional, cultural, and gender-responsive outcomes were underexplored. This review underscores the necessity for future research to conduct longer-term, culturally diverse studies with robust methodologies and expanded outcome measures to better inform evidence-based practices in geriatric care.

Abstract

The global decline in physical fitness among youth requires the inclusion of physical fitness monitoring into health surveillance systems. Traditional clinical and field-based physical fitness assessments are often costly and time-consuming. A short scale assessing self-perceived health-related fitness has been developed as an alternative to field testing. However, further validation is needed, particularly within higher education contexts. The study aims to assess the reliability and validity of the International Fitness Scale (IFIS) for evaluating physical fitness among Filipino university students. A sample of 283 students from a small state university in Davao City, Philippines, completed the IFIS and performed a series of field-based physical fitness tests. These tests include the 20m multistage shuttle run for cardiorespiratory fitness, handgrip dynamometry and standing long jump for muscular fitness, the 4x10 shuttle run for agility/speed (motor fitness), and a modified sit-and-reach test for lower body flexibility. Results indicated that the IFIS demonstrated highly acceptable internal reliability, with a Cronbach’s alpha of .802 and item-total correlation ranging between .373 and .724. Bivariate correlation analyses showed a significant relationship between self-perceived physical fitness and various objective measures of physical fitness. These findings underscores the potential use of the IFIS in monitoring physical fitness among university students.

Keywords: fitness surveillance, college students, physical activity, cardiorespiratory endurance, exercise

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status and dysmenorrhea in female students attending the Free Methodist Vocational School in Medan, North Sumatra; to determine the relationship between exercise and dysmenorrhea in female students attending the Free Methodist Vocational School in Medan; and to determine the relationship between nutritional status and exercise with dysmenorrhea in female students attending the Free Methodist Vocational School in Medan. The sample taken in this study was 20 female students. The study was conducted in Medan Helvetia, Medan City, North Sumatra. To conduct this sampling, questionnaires were distributed, body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and the participants' height and weight were measured. The conclusion of the findings: There is a relationship between a person's dietary health and the risk of developing dysmenorrhea. rhitung equals 0.651, and tabel equals 0.4438. There is a relationship between exercising regularly and not experiencing dysmenorrhea. r count is 0.573, while the table value is 0.4438. If f count > f table > 3.88, then Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, which indicates that there is a strong relationship between X1 and X2 together to Y. Based on the hypothesis that has been explained above, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the independent factor and the dependent variable.

Abstract
This descriptive survey research focused on satisfaction in life and how it is affected by other variables. The respondents of the study are 115 personnel of the Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific (MAAP). The study was completed in the first quarter of 2024. The study determined the respondents’ demographic profile, lifestyle, health status, wellness, stress level, and job and life satisfaction. Results show that health status is associated with lifestyle factors such as food intake, physical exercise, and hours of sleep. The study also reveals that life satisfaction is influenced by marital status, health condition, and job satisfaction in terms of compensation. The study recommends further enhancement of the wellness program in order to promote a better health status and lifestyle to attain higher satisfaction in life.

Keywords: Effects, lifestyle, satisfaction, wellness

1. Introduction
   Personnel in any institution need to be fit in all aspects of life in order to perform their duties properly. Physical, mental, and even emotional facets of life have been the focal point of much research aiming to increase the productivity amongst personnel. Life satisfaction includes a variety of factors that enable a person to carry out any task to the best of his ability. Diener & Tay (2012), as cited by Unanue et al. (2017), explained that a growing body of research has shown that higher life satisfaction is associated with several desirable company' results, such as higher career satisfaction, organizational commitment, and especially job satisfaction.

The study analyzed the profile, lifestyle, health status, wellness, stress, and job and life satisfaction of the employees of the Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific. The study grounded its framework in the bottom-up theory of life satisfaction, which explained that life satisfaction is a result of satisfaction in the many domains of life (Ackerman, 2018). The attainment of life satisfaction cannot be attributed to a single domain or factor. Hence, this study explored the different contributing variables in achieving life satisfaction.

The study answered the questions: (1) Is there a significant association between health status and lifestyle? And (2) which among the variables, singly or in combination, significantly influence the satisfaction in life?

1. Methods

2.1 Research Design
The study is descriptive-correlational research and employed a survey method which aims to measure life satisfaction and determine how it is influenced by other variables such as demographic profile, health status, lifestyle, wellness, stress level, and job satisfaction.

2.2 Participants and Procedures
The respondents of the study are the personnel of the Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific (MAAP) located in Mariveles, Bataan, Philippines. The questionnaires were handed out to the respondents. There were 131 retrieved accomplished questionnaires, but only 115 are considered due to incomplete responses. The study was completed in the first quarter of 2024.

2.3 Instruments and Materials Used
The instruments used in the study determined the demographic profile; lifestyle, adopted from Dubasi et al. (2019) and Fortier (2015); health status (in terms of BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and physical and health conditions); wellness, based on items enumerated by Swarbrick and Yudof (2014); stress level, adopted from Cohen & Williamson in 1988; job satisfaction, based on ESS from Betterteam.com; and life satisfaction, adopted from Diener et al. in 1985. The Cronbach alpha coefficients of the instruments calculated from the first 15 randomly selected participants are .9498, .914, and .9178 for wellness, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction, respectively, showing ‘excellent’ internal consistencies, and .703 for the Stress level, interpreted as acceptable.

2.4 Data Analysis
The responses are encoded and treated using Excel and IBM SPSS. Descriptive statistics are used to analyze the responses. Relationships between variables are established using the Spearman Correlation test, while the Multiple Regression Analysis determined the influence of the independent variables on life satisfaction.

2.5 Ethical Considerations
Ethical guidelines are followed to protect the rights, dignity, and welfare of participants. Prior to participation, respondents were informed about the purpose of the study and the procedures involved. All data collected are used strictly for research purposes, and all personal identifiers are removed from the final dataset before analysis.

1. Results and Discussion
   The results show that the respondents have varying demographic profiles based on age, educational attainment, marital status, and number of years in the institution. Generally, respondents have normal health status (based on BMI) and moderate health risk (based on waist-to-hip ratio). They perceived themselves to be in good health. They sleep for 6 to 10 hours every day and do light to intense exercise at least 4 to more than 6 times a week. They are non-smokers and drink wine or liquor on special occasions only. They highly consume fruits and vegetables. They manifest high intellectual, emotional, social, spiritual, occupational, and financial wellness but with a moderate level of physical wellness. They have a moderate stress level and are highly satisfied in terms of benefits, career, work environment, and culture but moderately satisfied with compensation. Lastly, they are moderately satisfied in life.

Table 1
Spearman Correlation Coefficients (rho) between Lifestyle and Health Status

Lifestyle Health Status
BMI Waist-to-Hip Ratio Physical Condition Health Condition
Sugar and Honey intakes .318 .044 .134 .002
Saturated Fat intakes .250 -.089 .106 -.029
Dressings intakes .200 -.006 .096 -.012
Light exercise .093 -.193 -.012 .099
High intensity (Vigorous) exercise .219 -.102 -.079 .261
Wine Consumption -.040 .080 -.110 .305
Smoking Habits -.185 .209 -.004 -.191
Hours of Sleep -.158 .101 .020 .310*
p<.05, ** p<.01

The Spearman rank correlation coefficients reveal significant relationships. BMI has positive associations with high-intensity exercise and intakes of sugar, honey, saturated fat, and dressings, but it is negatively associated with smoking. The waist-to-hip ratio has a positive association with smoking but is negatively associated with light exercise. Lastly, health condition has positive associations with wine consumption, hours of sleep, and high-intensity exercise, but is negatively associated with smoking.

Multiple regression analysis uncovered significant influences on the respondents’ life satisfaction.

Table 2
Multiple Regression Analysis on Independent Variables Predicting Satisfaction in Life
Variable B SE β t-statistic Prob.
(Constant) -2.224 1.891 -1.176 .245
Marital Status .348 .166 .265 2.096 .041
Health Condition .433 .177 .261 2.445 .018
Compensation .345 .174 .293 1.984 .050
Dependent Variable: Satisfaction in Life
R-square: .675
Adjusted R-squared: .478
F-statistic: 3.423
Prob (F-statistic): .000

Marital status, health condition, and compensation significantly influence life satisfaction. Based on unstandardized beta (B), life satisfaction increases by .345 and .433 for every one-unit increase in compensation and in health condition, respectively. Lastly, the data reveals that the lowest life satisfaction is among singles, followed by separated and annulled, married, and widows. The disparities in each marital status are about .348. The study proved that life satisfaction is defined by combinations of factors.

1. Conclusion
   Health status is significantly associated with lifestyle, such as food intake, physical activities, and habits. Whereas, life satisfaction is influenced by combinations of factors that include marital status, health condition, and job satisfaction in terms of compensation.
   In order to achieve maximum life satisfaction, the study recommends enhancement of the institution's wellness program for personnel.

Acknowledgment
The researchers wish to extend their deepest gratitude to the personnel of the Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific for participating in this study. Appreciation also goes to the Academics Research Unit as well as the printing office for the support in the completion of this study.

References
Ackerman, C. (2018). Life Satisfaction Theory and 4 Contributing Factors. https://positivepsychology.com/life-satisfaction/Betterteam (n. d.). Employee Satisfaction Survey. https://www.betterteam.com/employee-satisfaction-survey

Betterteam. Employee Satisfaction Survey. https://www.betterteam.com/employee-satisfaction-survey

Dubasi, SK, Ranjan, P., Arora, C., Vikram, N., Dwivedi, SN., Dwivedi, N.,

Kaloiya, G., & Shalimar (2019). Questionnaire to assess adherence to diet and exercise advices for weight management in lifestyle-related diseases. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6436250/

Fortier, J. (2015). The Simple Lifestyle Indicator Questionnaire and its association with health-related quality of life and well-being. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33557183.pdf

NovoPsych (n. d.). Perceived Stress Scale by Cohen & Williamson in 1988. https://novopsych.com/assessments/well-being/perceived-stress-scale-pss-10/

NovoPsych (n. d.). Satisfaction with Life Scale by Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin in 1985. https://novopsych.com/assessments/well-being/perceived-stress-scale-pss-10/

Swarbrick, P., and Yudof, J. (2014). Wellness In Eight Dimensions. https://www.state.nj.us/humanservices/dmhas/resources/mental/CSP_Wellness_8_Dimensions.pdf

Unanue, et al. (2017). Revisiting the Link between Job Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction: The Role of Basic Psychological Needs. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00680/full

Physical fitness plays a vital role, not only in maintaining physical health but also in promoting mental well-being, particularly among young adults. While existing studies highlight the benefits of cardiovascular endurance and muscular strength on mental health and quality of life, research examining the contribution of other physical fitness components remains limited. Addressing this gap is an emerging priority in physical fitness research. This study explored the relationships between health-related physical fitness components and mental health outcomes among university students. A total of 233 students (30% male; 70% female), aged 18-25 years (M = 19.25, SD = 1.10), from a state university in Davao City, Mindanao, Philippines, participated in the study. Participants completed the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and underwent standardized physical fitness assessments. Correlational and regression analyses revealed significant associations between mental health outcomes and all fitness components, except for BMI and flexibility. Cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular fitness emerged as the strongest predictors of mental health outcomes. These findings support the implementation of university-based fitness programs that prioritize both muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness to better support holistic mental health and overall well-being among students.

Keywords: Health Promotion in Higher Education, Inclusive Fitness Interventions, Physical Activity for Sustainable Development, Student Well-Being, Youth Mental Health

The Lived Experiences of Filipino College Students’ Volition in Exercise in Northern Mindanao: Basis for Contextualizing the Volition in Exercise Questionnaire

Oliver NAPILA GOMEZ1, Cecille NAPILA GOMEZ2
1Mindanao State University Marawi City, Philippines
2USFD Philippines, Philippines
oliver.gomez@msumain.edu.ph

Abstract
This study investigated the lived experiences of Filipino college students from Local Universities and Colleges (LUCs) in Northern Mindanao regarding their volition in exercise, with the aim of contextualizing the Volition in Exercise Questionnaire (VEQ). Employing a phenomenological design as part of a convergent mixed-methods research study, the investigation aimed to capture students’ motivations, barriers, and adaptive strategies for maintaining exercise engagement within their socio-cultural environment. A total of 70 participants were purposively selected from eight LUCs across Bukidnon, Lanao del Norte, and Misamis Oriental. Data were gathered through 10 in-depth interviews and eight focus group discussions, supported by a semi-structured protocol validated by experts. Thematic analysis yielded six essential themes: (1) navigating life and practical constraints in exercise commitment, (2) academic and family responsibilities as competing priorities, (3) health and well-being as intrinsic motivators, (4) social, environmental, and technological influences, (5) self-improvement and confidence-building through resilience, and (6) structured programs as enablers of consistency. Findings highlight that Filipino students’ volition in exercise is shaped by collectivist values, strategic scheduling, adaptive coping, and contextual limitations in resources. Thematic cross-comparison revealed that while the VEQ captures core constructs such as self-confidence, coping with failure, and reasons for exercising, it underrepresents adaptive postponement, socially mediated confidence, and the positive role of peer and family support. The study concludes that the VEQ requires cultural refinement to reflect the realities of Filipino students accurately. Results provide empirical grounding for the development of a Filipino Volition in Exercise Scale (F-VES) and inform the integration of culturally relevant strategies into PATHFIT programs and higher education curricula.

Keywords: Volition in exercise, phenomenology, Filipino college students, psychometric adaptation, cultural context

1. Introduction
   The Volition in Exercise Questionnaire (VEQ) was developed to assess exercise-related motivational and self-regulatory constructs across diverse populations (Elsborg et al., 2017; Gallotta et al., 2021). While it has shown reliability, cross-cultural application indicates limitations in capturing socio-cultural and environmental determinants of volition. Filipino students enrolled in LUCs often face decisions about exercise that are mediated not only by personal motivation but also by structural, social, and cultural factors. These include academic workloads, family obligations, financial constraints, and collective values that frame health behaviors as social responsibilities rather than purely individual pursuits. Previous research emphasizes that culturally grounded instruments are necessary to avoid misinterpreting adaptive strategies (e.g., purposeful postponement or distraction) as negative volitional deficits (Bento et al., 2023; Quinzi, 2024). Thus, contextualizing the VEQ is essential to strengthen its validity in Philippine higher education settings and to design interventions aligned with students’ lived realities.

2. Methods
   2.1 Research Design
   This study used a qualitative phenomenological design within a mixed-methods framework to explore Filipino college students’ lived experiences of volition in exercise (Gomez & Salva, 2025).
   2.2 Participants and Procedures
   A total of 70 students (aged 18–25) from eight Local Universities and Colleges (LUCs) in Northern Mindanao were purposively selected. Data collection consisted of 10 in-depth interviews (IDIs) and eight focus group discussions (FGDs), each with 6–10 participants. Recruitment was facilitated by PE faculty, and sessions were held in campus venues.
   2.3 Instruments and Materials Used
   Data were gathered using semi-structured interviews and FGD guides, validated by experts from the University of the Immaculate Conception (UIC). Questions explored motivations, barriers, coping strategies, and interpretations of exercise volition. Sessions were audio-recorded and supported by the researcher's field notes.
   2.4 Data Analysis
   Data were analyzed using thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Transcripts were checked for accuracy, coded, and grouped into themes. Credibility was ensured through member checking and triangulation across IDIs, FGDs, and observations.
   2.5 Ethical Considerations
   Ethical approval was secured from the UIC Research Ethics Committee (GS-ER-08-24-0107). Participants gave informed consent, were assured of confidentiality, and could withdraw at any time without consequences. Pseudonyms were used in reporting, and all files were securely stored.

3. Results and Discussion
   Five essential themes emerged: navigating life and practical constraints in exercise commitment, academic and family responsibilities as competing priorities, intrinsic health and well-being as core motivators, and social, environmental, and technological influences on exercise engagement, (5) self-improvement and confidence building through skill development and resilience, (6) structured programs as enablers of consistency.
   Furthermore, the interviews and group discussions identified three themes that explain how participants' experiences influence their beliefs: prioritizing health and well-being, recognizing the importance of social support, and embracing exercise as a key part of their identity. The role of experiences in shaping participants' attitudes revealed three emerging themes: cultivating a positive attitude toward exercise, setting and pursuing goal-oriented motivation, and building confidence and self-awareness. Regarding how experiences affect participants' commitment to exercise, three themes emerged that illustrate how their experiences influenced their dedication. The role of experiences in shaping participants' commitment highlights three emerging themes: establishing routines and discipline, utilizing exercise for self-care, and developing independence and resilience.
   Lastly, to assess the cultural and contextual relevance of the VEQ in the Filipino student population, a thematic cross-comparison was conducted. This process involved mapping the conceptual domains of each VEQ factor against the core qualitative themes derived from the lived experiences of Filipino college students from LUCs in Northern Mindanao. The analysis aimed to critically evaluate the extent to which the VEQ captures the motivational, cognitive, and affective dimensions of volition as experienced in this cultural context. This comparative synthesis offers insights into which VEQ constructs align with, overlook, or require adaptation based on Filipino students’ nuanced perceptions and socio-cultural realities regarding exercise volition.

4. Conclusion
   This study demonstrates that the volition of Filipino college students in exercise is multifaceted, influenced by individual, social, and environmental dimensions. While the VEQ provides a valuable foundation for assessing volitional constructs, its items require cultural refinement to avoid misinterpretation of adaptive strategies and to reflect collectivist and resource-constrained contexts better. Findings suggest the development of a Filipino Volition in Exercise Scale (F-VES), with subscales on strategic postponement, supportive social influence, practical integration, and resilience.
   For practice, PATHFIT instructors are encouraged to embed culturally responsive strategies into their modules by emphasizing exercise as a means of identity, self-care, and community engagement. Policy-level recommendations include supporting validation studies of the VEQ, funding wellness initiatives in LUCs, and institutionalizing structured and low-cost physical activity opportunities. Overall, this study contributes to the contextualization of psychometric tools in the Philippines and advances the discourse on volition in exercise within higher education.

Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) Region X, participating LUC administrators, PE faculty gatekeepers, and the student participants for their cooperation. Appreciation is extended to the University of the Immaculate Conception Research Ethics Committee for ethical oversight.

References
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Bento, A., Páez, L., & Raimundo, A. (2023). Mediating effect of motivation on the relationship of fitness with volitional high-intensity exercise in high-school students. Healthcare, 11(6), 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060800
Elsborg, P., Wikman, J. M., Nielsen, G., Tolver, A., & Elbe, A.-M. (2017). Development and initial validation of the Volition in Exercise Questionnaire (VEQ). Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 21(2), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2016.1251436
Gallotta, M. C., Bonavolontà, V., Guidetti, L., Baldari, C., Innocenti, L., Cardinali, L., Falcioni, L., di Fronso, S., Emerenziani, G. P., & Zimatore, G. (2021). Initial validation of the Italian version of the Volition in Exercise Questionnaire (VEQ-I). PloS One, 16(4), e0249667. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249667
Gomez, O. N., & Salva, E. (2025). The influence of basic psychological needs and time management on volition in exercise: A convergent design. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 7(1), Article 35160. https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i01.35160
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Physical activity has been traditionally important in treating mental health issues. This study aims to assess the impact of physical exercise engagement on students' mental health in Molave, Zamboanga del Sur during COVID-19 pandemic - a descriptive study using stratified sampling. The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) were used (GAD-7). It states that most of them are females aged 17-19, ideally in Senior High School (Grades 11 and 12), single, and living on less than Php 40,000 or (Php 3,333) annually. On average, participants engage in moderate to light physical activity for 15-29 minutes each day during their P.E. sessions, and 96% do their routine outside of class. With an average score of 18, individuals are expected to be well, with minor symptoms at an average score of 7 and mild anxiety at 6. The study also found a low negative connection between physical activity, psychological distress (r=-0.481) and a vital link (p=0.000). Exercise has a moderate negative relationship with depression severity (r=-0.619) and a significant negative correlation (p=0.000). It also shows a moderate negative association between physical activity and depression severity (r=-0.699) and a meaningful relationship (p=0.000). It also implies that increasing physical activity reduces psychological suffering, depression severity, and anxiety. Thus, physical exercise engagement is suggested to benefit everyone's mental health.

Keywords: physical exercise, mental health, students

Background
A disaster is defined as “a situation or event, which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request to a national or international level for external assistance; an unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great damage, destruction, and human suffering” by the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (Choi et al, 2022, citing CRED, 2017). As the largest healthcare provider group, nurses play critical roles in holistically caring for injured people and their families throughout the four phases of disaster management (Al Harthi, 2020). This research aimed to determine whether respondent nurses deem Physical Fitness (Health [Normal Body Mass Index], Well-Being [Absence of Morbidities], and Physical Activity [Good Ability to Swim]) to affect their willingness to respond or report to work amidst a disaster.

As to Health, a Normal Body Mass Index (BMI) is chosen as an objective definition because it is a reliable assessment of a person’s nutritional and health status that applies to both adult men and women (Mohajan & Mohajan, 2023). Within limits, BMI is a quick and straightforward way to determine if one’s weight falls within a healthy range: 18.5 <BMI <29.9 (Bray, 2023); it calculates an individual’s body weight in relation to their height (Muscogiuri et al, 2023), universally expressed in units of kg/m2, resulting from mass in kilograms and height in meters (Haslam, 2005). Reporting to work in the midst of a disaster would require a certain level of agility that obese people in particular may not possess. Kung et al’s (2020) research on 3,863 respondents in Taiwan revealed that an abnormally high BMI is associated with less explosive power, muscular endurance, and flexibility.

Well-being, a multifaceted construct defined by the Centers of Disease Control as “the absence of negative emotions” (Bautista et al, 2023), is in this research operationally defined as the absence of morbidities. Morbidities refers to presence of any, some, or all of the following conditions, or conditions similar thereto, in respondent: [1] Hypertension, [2] Diabetes Mellitus, [3] Osteoporosis. The presence of morbidities among respondents may discourage their willingness to respond in a disaster. This is so because morbidities make people vulnerable in disaster situations (Jenkins et al, 2014).
As to Physical Activity, Good Ability to Swim is used as the objective

measure because in the Philippines, one of the most common natural disasters is typhoon-related flooding (Gray et al, 2022). An analysis of 18,515 pieces of data in Taiwan by Tsai & Hsu (2022) revealed that level of swimming ability was significantly correlated with regular exercise habits. Swimming increases muscle tone and strength, and causes flexibility improvements (Bure, 2019). Being able to swim empowers individuals to make choices, have agency, and be free to choose core aspects of their life, as such working safely on or near water (Borgonovi et al, 2022).

Objectives
This research aimed to determine whether respondent nurses’ deem Physical Fitness (Health [Normal BMI], Well-Being [Absence of Morbidities], and Physical Activity [Good Ability to Swim]) to affect their willingness to respond or report to work amidst a disaster. In particular, the objectives of this study are as follows:
(a) To determine whether Health (defined as Normal Body Mass Index [BMI]) affect respondents’ willingness to respond or report to work amidst a disaster;
(b) To determine whether Wellness (defined as Absence of Morbidities) affect respondents’ willingness to respond or report to work amidst a disaster;

(c) To determine whether Physical Activity (defined as Good Ability to Swim) affect respondents’ willingness to respond or report to work amidst a disaster;
(d) To determine whether there is significant relationship between respondents' demographic profile and their willingness to respond or report to work amidst a disaster.

Methods
This 2023 research utilized a descriptive-correlational approach and convenience sampling method. For the respondents, forty (40) registered nurses from Gregorio T. Lluch Memorial Hospital (GTLMH) Iligan City, and forty (40) registered nurses from elsewhere in Iligan City, were selected and were given a modified questionnaire as inspired by that of Goodhue et al’s (2012) research. The questionnaire retained the format of multiple choice, fill-in, and Likert-scale questions related to disaster preparedness.

The research instrument and paper were submitted for evaluation to the ethics committee under the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Extension (OVCRE) of MSU-IIT. Informed consent has been required from respondents; they were provided with a brief and concise written description of the research and its objective; and an assurance that any personal data gained from them would be anonymized, and would not be made public at any time, and would be deleted after the research is completed. Any personal data gathered was also safely stored in an encrypted software.

Results
As to Health (defined as normal Body Mass Index [BMI]), 27.5% (22) of the respondents answered they would not respond to a disaster if their BMI is abnormal.
As to Wellness (defined as Absence of Morbidities), 31.3% (25) of the respondents answered they would not respond to a disaster if they have existing morbidities.

As to Physical Activity (defined as Good Ability to Swim), 66.3% (53) of the respondents answered that they would not respond to a disaster involving flooding if they do not have Good Ability to Swim.

Chi-Square Analyses of the hypothetical Physical Fitness Variables reveal that since X 30.07 > Tabular Value of 0.103, the null hypothesis is rejected; indicating that there is significant association between Physical Fitness variables (Health, Wellness, and Physical Activity) and respondents’ willingness to respond or report to work amidst a disaster.

Standard Regression Coefficient Analyses of the other (non-hypothetical) demographic variables of age, gender, civil status, religion, number of children, assigned areas, training, and high salary were all determined to be non-significant predictors of willingness to respond to or report to work during a disaster, as evidenced by their p-values over 0.05. Overall, only 28.7% (23) have a very high likelihood to respond or report to work amidst a disaster.

Conclusion
From the foregoing, it can be discerned that respondent nurses deem Physical Fitness Variables of Health (as defined as Normal BMI), Wellness (as defined as Absence of Morbidities), and Physical Activity (as defined as Good Ability to Swim) to exert a significant influence on their willingness to respond or report to work amidst a disaster. Hospitals should have exercise centers for employees, perhaps offer swimming lessons, and incorporate free medical check-ups for personnels.

Acknowledgments
Special thanks to the Good Nurses and Administrators of Gregorio T. Lluch Memorial Hospital.

References
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Act No. 3815 or the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines.

Al Harthi, M., Al Thobaity, A., Al Ahmari, W., Almalki, M., (2020). Challenges for Nurses in Disaster Management: A Scoping Review. Risk Management and HealthcarePolicy.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7678497/p df/rmhp-13-2627.pdf
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Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy:The exercise of control. New York

Bautista, Tara et al (2023). What is well-being. A scoping review of the conceptual and operational definitions of occupational well-being. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science. 2023 Oct 2016; 17 (1): e227.doi:10.1017/cts.2023.647.

Body Mass Calculator (2022). Calculate your Body Mass Index. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmicalc.htm. (Accessed: Oct. 21, 2022. 6:47PM).

Borgonovi, Francesca et al (2022). Swimming skills around the world: evidence on inequalities in life skills across and within countries. Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development. https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/oc2c8862-en.

Bray GA (2023). Beyond BMI. Nutrients; 15 (10).
Bure, Anna (2019). Physical Activity in water and the human body. Bachelor Thesis Sport Coaching and Management 2019. Haaga-Helici University of Applied Science. https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream.

Caballes, A.B., Sollner, W., Nanagas, J. (2012). Financial Protection Mechanisms for inpatients at selected Philippine hospitals. Social Science and Medicine. 75 (2012) 1820-1827.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022). Body Mass Index. Healthy weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/index.html#:~:text=Body% 20Mass%20Index%20(BMI)%20is,in%20meters%20(or%20feet) (accessed: Oct. 21, 2022. 6:45 PM).

Choi, W.S. et al (2022). Perceived Disaster Preparedness and Willingness to Respond Among Emergency Nurses in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022, 10, 11812. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811812.
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Goodhue, C.J., Burke, R.V., Ferrer, R., Chokshi, N.K., Dorey, F., Upperman, J.S. (2012). Willingness to Respond in a Disaster: A Pediatric Nurse Practitioner National Survey. Journal of Pediatric Health. Vol. 26. No.4. Elsevier Inc. doi: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2010.11.003.
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Gray, Jasmin; Lloyd, Sophie; Healey, Sarah; Opdyke, Aaron (2022). Urban and Rural Patterns of Typhoon Mortality in the Philippines. Progress in Disaster Science. Vol. 14, April 2022, 100234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2022.100234.

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Kung, Y.T., Chang, C.M., Hwang, F.M., Chi, S.C. (2020). The Association between Body Mass Index and Physical Fitness of Normal Weight/Overweight/Obese University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (5): 5391. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7432298/.
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Weight bias has been shown to negatively affect mental health, particularly among young adults. This study investigated the relationship between Weight Bias Internalization (WBI) and Mental Toughness (MT). WBI occurs when individuals who experience weight stigma begin to accept and believe negative attitudes about themselves based on body weight. Addressing WBI is important for fostering self-acceptance and promoting body positivity. MT, in contrast, refers to the capacity to remain resilient, motivated, and focused when confronted with pressure or setbacks. While the negative effects of weight bias are well-documented, limited research has examined its connection to MT. Using a snowball sampling method, data were gathered from 150 young adults with above-normal weight in selected barangays of Iligan City. Findings revealed a significant relationship between WBI and MT, suggesting that individuals who internalize weight bias may still demonstrate resilience and effective coping strategies. These results emphasize the importance of developing community-based programs that raise awareness about the psychological effects of weight bias and strengthen mental toughness to support overall well-being.

Abstract
This study explored the relationship between motivation and attitudes toward physical education (PE) among students in a STEM-oriented secondary school in Mindanao, Philippines. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, the research surveyed 243 Grade 7–12 students aged 12–18, representing 37% of the school population. Data were gathered using validated scales for motivation and PE attitudes, with analysis conducted through descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, and simple linear regression.
Findings showed moderate to high motivation levels and generally favorable attitudes toward PE. A significant moderate positive correlation (r = 0.749, p < 0.001) indicated that higher motivation was linked to more positive perceptions of PE. Regression results confirmed that motivation significantly predicted attitudes, though other personal, social, and environmental factors may also influence student perspectives.
These results support self-determination theory, highlighting intrinsic motivation as a key driver of positive PE experiences and sustained participation. The study underscores the importance of creating autonomy-supportive, student-centered programs—such as gamified lessons, student-led activities, and personalized goal-setting—to foster motivation and improve attitudes. By extending motivation–attitude research to a culturally distinct STEM-focused context, the findings offer practical insights for designing inclusive, engaging PE programs that contribute to Sustainable Development Goals on health, education, and equality.
Keywords: Attitude, Motivation, Physical Education, STEM students, Physical Activity Perception
1. Introduction
Physical education (PE) plays a vital role in fostering physical fitness, cognitive growth, and social development, shaping lifelong attitudes toward health and well-being (Joldasbayev, 2024; Neto et al., 2024; Alfyanti et al., 2024). Positive PE experiences not only enhance mental health and resilience but also develop essential skills such as teamwork and communication (Singh, 2024; Bamta et al., 2023). However, classroom climate significantly shapes students’ perceptions. Task-involved climates that emphasize personal improvement promote engagement and motivation, while ego-involved climates often heighten anxiety, particularly among less athletic students (García-González et al., 2019).
Motivation is a key determinant of students’ attitudes toward PE, influencing their participation, persistence, and achievement (Sopiyanto et al., 2024; Fierro-Suero et al., 2023). While motivation-enhancing strategies are well-documented, most studies are conducted in Western contexts, leaving a gap in understanding within culturally distinct settings such as the Philippines, particularly in STEM-focused schools where academic demands may shape students’ engagement in PE (Oliveira et al., 2024).
This study examines the impact of motivation on attitudes toward PE among students in a STEM-oriented senior high school in Mindanao, Philippines. Findings aim to inform the development of inclusive, motivating PE programs that foster positive attitudes, encourage active participation, and contribute to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on health, education, equality, and reduced inequality.
2. Methods
2.1 Research Design
This study employed a descriptive-correlational design to examine the relationship between motivational factors and students’ attitudes toward physical education. This non-experimental approach allowed the researcher to analyze the degree and direction of association between the variables without manipulating them.
2.2 Participants and Procedures
The study surveyed 243 Grade 7–12 students aged 12–18, selected through proportional stratified random sampling. With administrative and ethics approval, recruitment was done via class advisers, and informed consent was obtained. Data were collected over two weeks through a Google Forms survey containing validated motivation and PE attitude scales, with single, anonymous submissions.
2.3 Instruments and Materials Used
Data were collected using a structured Google Forms questionnaire composed of two standardized scales: a Motivation in Physical Education Scale and an Attitude toward Physical Education Scale. Both instruments were adapted from previously validated tools, ensuring content and construct validity. Reliability tests from prior studies reported Cronbach’s alpha values above 0.80 for both scales, indicating high internal consistency.
2.4 Data Analysis
Responses from Google Forms were exported to Microsoft Excel and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations) summarized demographics and trends in motivation and attitudes toward PE. Pearson’s correlation examined the relationship between variables, while simple linear regression assessed motivation’s predictive effect on attitudes. Significance was set at p < 0.05.
2.5 Ethical Considerations
The study complied with ethical standards, with approval from the school’s research ethics committee. Participation was voluntary, with informed consent from all respondents and parental consent for minors. The Google Forms survey included the study purpose, confidentiality assurance, and the option to withdraw anytime. No personal identifiers were collected, and data were securely stored for academic use only.
3. Results and Discussion
The demographic profile of respondents reflected participation from all grade levels in a STEM-oriented secondary school. Of the 658 enrolled students, 243 responded to the survey administered via Google Forms, representing 36.9% of the total student population. The sample distribution was relatively balanced across grade levels, ensuring the representation of diverse student perspectives toward physical education.
Descriptive statistics indicated a moderate to high overall motivation level and generally favorable attitudes toward PE. The relationship between the two variables was examined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, revealing a moderate positive association. This suggests that students with higher motivation tended to hold more positive attitudes toward PE. While the correlation is meaningful, it does not fully account for all variations in attitudes, indicating the influence of additional personal, social, and environmental factors.
Regression analysis further demonstrated that motivation significantly predicted students’ attitudes toward PE, with results achieving statistical significance at p < 0.001. This implies that motivation is a robust determinant of attitude formation, although it is not the sole contributing factor. Such findings are consistent with Kara and Rastorguyeva (2023), who noted that higher motivation levels not only improve students’ perceptions of PE but also promote healthier lifestyle choices. Similarly, Yang (2019) found that adolescents with self-determined motivation display more favorable PE attitudes, enhanced engagement, and reduced performance anxiety.
Haug et al. (2023) also identified intrinsic motivation as a driver for sustained participation in PE, particularly when students perceive the learning environment as autonomy-supportive. The present study echoes this perspective, highlighting the importance of classroom climates that emphasize choice, mastery, and personal relevance. Danthony et al. (2019) similarly demonstrated that motivation levels could reliably predict PE attitudes, reinforcing the current study’s conclusions.
Practical implications emerge for PE educators and curriculum planners. First, interventions that prioritize intrinsic motivation—such as gamified lessons, student-led activities, and personalized goal-setting—could enhance attitudes toward PE. Second, teachers may need to address external factors (e.g., peer influence, self-efficacy, perceived competence) that interact with motivation to shape overall perceptions.
The findings also offer theoretical contributions, supporting self-determination theory’s assertion that intrinsic motivation is a fundamental driver of positive educational outcomes. By validating motivation as a key predictor of PE attitudes in a STEM-focused academic setting, the study extends its applicability to specialized educational environments.
Table 1
Distribution of Respondents by Grade Level

Grade Number of Students Number of Respondents
1. Grade 7 119 45
2. Grade 8 119 44
3. Grade 9 120 44
4. Grade 10 120 44
5. Grade 11 90 33
6. Grade 12 90 33
Total N = 658 n = 243

Table 2
Regression Analysis for the Direct Effect of Motivation towards Attitude in Physical Education among the Students

Independent Variable Dependent Variable Correlation coefficient p-value
Motivation Attitude in Physical Education 0.749 0.000
H0: Motivation is not a significant predictor of attitude in Physical Education among the students.
Significant at α = 0.05

1. Conclusion
   This study found a moderate but significant positive correlation between motivation and students’ attitudes toward physical education, indicating that higher motivation is linked to more favorable perceptions of the subject. While motivation plays a key role, other factors likely influence attitudes as well. These findings support the importance of fostering intrinsic motivation through engaging, student-centered PE programs. Educators and school leaders can use these insights to design strategies that enhance motivation and promote lifelong participation in physical activity, benefiting both students and the wider community.
   Acknowledgment
   The authors would like to thank the participating school and students for their cooperation in completing this study.

References

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Arnis, the national martial art of the Philippines, embodies discipline, skill, and tradition. Developing a brochure dedicated to beginner practitioners requires careful planning, ensuring clarity, engagement, and accessibility.

A well-crafted Arnis brochure must begin with an introduction to its origins, highlighting its deep cultural roots and importance in Filipino heritage. This section should briefly discuss its evolution from traditional combat techniques to a recognized sport and self-defense system.

Next, the brochure should outline essential equipment, including rattan sticks, protective gear, and training attire. Visual aids illustrating correct grip, stance, and movement can enhance understanding, especially for those new to the practice.

Fundamental techniques such as blocking, striking, and footwork must be clearly explained, with step-by-step instructions and simple terminology to ensure ease of learning. Incorporating QR codes or links to instructional videos can provide additional learning resources.

The safety section is crucial—emphasizing proper handling of weapons, awareness of training space, and respect for fellow practitioners. By instilling safety measures early, beginners develop a responsible and disciplined mindset.

Finally, the brochure should promote local Arnis clubs and training centers, encouraging community engagement and continuous learning. A brief guide on progression and available certification programs can motivate practitioners to advance their skills.

By structuring the brochure effectively, beginners gain a strong foundation in Arnis, fostering confidence and appreciation for this dynamic martial art. A well-designed and informative guide ensures that mastery begins with understanding and proper training.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of physical activity to self- esteem of the students, and to determine whether body image moderates the effect of the relationship of physical activity and self-esteem.

This study employed the descriptive-correlational type of research. This was conducted among the Department of Physical Education (DPE) students of Mindanao State University- Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT) in Iligan City. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) developed by Dinger, Behrens & Han (2006) was used to measure physical activity, Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale (RSES) developed by Dr. Morris Rosenberg (1965), utilized to evaluate individual self-esteem, and the 19-Item Body Image Questionnaire, developed by Marilou Bruchon-Schweitzer (1987) to measure the body satisfaction associated with sex, health, and with current and future emotional judgment.

Frequency and percentage distribution were used to assess the descriptive data. Linear regression and ANOVA were used in analyzing the data through the Statistical Package for Social Science v.20 to assess the relationship of the independent variable to the dependent variable, and the moderating variable of this study.

The results show that there is no significant relationship found in physical activity and self-esteem. However, a significant relationship was found, which body image moderates the relationship of physical activity and self- esteem.

Keywords: physical activity, self- esteem, body image

Abstract
Despite extensive research on physical appearance perfectionism and social physique anxiety, the mediating role of self-esteem in this relationship, specifically in the Physical Education academic setting, remains unexplored. Therefore, the present study sought to examine this mediating effect. A total of 250 university students enrolled in the required Physical Education course participated in the study, which utilized an online survey and standardized, validated instruments to measure the key variables. The results show that students who are more dissatisfied with their body image and who hold high hopes of achieving body image perfection experience less anxiety about how their bodies are perceived by others. Moreover, high hopes for perfection are associated with higher self-esteem, which implies that striving for body image perfection and admiring physique imperfection is linked to self-confidence. Furthermore, students with lower self-esteem are more likely to experience higher levels of social physique anxiety. This means that students who do not feel good about themselves may worry that others negatively evaluate their physical appearance. In light of these findings, the indirect effect of perfectionism, specifically hope for perfection, on social physique anxiety through self-esteem was statistically significant and negative, demonstrating that increased hope for perfection contributes to increased self-esteem, which in turn leads to a reduction in social physique anxiety. Therefore, a stronger sense of self-worth serves as a protective factor against body-related anxiety, highlighting self-esteem as a critical psychological tool for resisting external pressure and body image concerns.
Keywords: Perfectionism, Self-Esteem, Social Physique Anxiety

Sexual harassment in higher education is a serious problem that negatively affects students' mental well-being, academic performance, and learning climate. Unfortunately, these cases often go uncovered due to stigma, fear of retaliation, and lack of effective reporting mechanisms. This article presents a comprehensive review of the prevalence of sexual harassment on campus, causative factors, psychological, social, and academic impacts experienced by victims, and evidence-based coping strategies. This research uses the literature review method by examining various relevant studies and reports in the context of higher education. The literature study shows that the prevalence of sexual harassment on campus is quite high, with contributing factors including patriarchal culture, unequal power relations, lack of education about consent, and weak campus policies. The impacts include mental disorders, decreased motivation and academic achievement, and social isolation. Therefore, this article recommends the development of strict policies, gender equality education, safe reporting mechanisms for victims, and the provision of psychosocial support to create a safe, inclusive and equitable campus.

The effects of Pilates and Aerobic Exercises on Students’ Balancing-Ability and Interest in Physical Education
Canna M. Nicolay, MAED-SPE 1, Jovert A. Hillado, MAED-SPE 2
1 Capitan Angel Integrated School, DEPED-Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, Philippines
2 Bukidnon State University-Talakag Campus, Philippines
Joverthillado2131315@gmail.com
Abstract

This study aimed to determine the performance levels of first-year Physical Education students in enhancing their balancing ability and their interest in the PE subject through an intervention program involving Pilates and aerobic exercises. A Quasi-experimental research design was utilized in this study. A total of sixty (60) students participated in the study, divided into two (2) intervention groups. A validated and modified research instrument was used in the study to collect data. Descriptive Statistics were used including Mean, Standard Deviation and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) for the treatment of the data. Regarding the program intervention, the first group of participants engaged in Single-Leg Stance and Side-Leg Series, whereas the second group participated in Step Aerobics and Jumping Exercises. The Pre-test results for both Pilates and Aerobic Exercises showed that there was already a high level of Balancing-Ability during their exposure to both exercises. The post-test results also indicated a high level of balancing ability following exposure to both exercises. On the other hand, the results regarding students' interest in Physical Education showed an increase in performance before and after they were exposed to both Pilates and aerobic exercises. Along with the pre-test and post-test scores showing similar levels of performance, the results after the program intervention also indicated that participants increased their balancing ability and interest in Physical Education following exposure to both Pilates and aerobic exercise interventions. Therefore, it is suggested that Physical Educators conduct further studies or research on the effectiveness of both Pilates and aerobic exercises in improving individuals' balancing abilities and their interest in the subject of Physical Education replicating these variables and at the same time adding relevant others.
Keywords: Aerobics, Jumping Exercises, Pilates, Side-Leg Series, Single-Leg Stance, Step Aerobics

1. Introduction
   In an era marked by sedentary lifestyles and a surge in musculoskeletal disorders, the dual challenge of maintaining physical stability and promoting general fitness is increasingly being recognized. Physical Education, traditionally a cornerstone of holistic education, is significant in addressing these challenges. Given the transformative potential of exercise program interventions, this study investigates innovative Physical Education approaches to develop effective interventions that empower individuals to overcome the negative impacts of a sedentary lifestyle and embrace a healthier, more active way of life.
   However, existing issues, as highlighted by Romar et al. (2023), reveal a decline in physical activity among children and young adults, indicating a need for innovative approaches in Physical Education. An essential aspect identified in recent studies is the part of Interest as a motivational factor determining students' engagement, steering them toward activities that foster both physical and cognitive development (Renninger & Hidi, 2016). Therefore, Interest is a crucial factor in motivating students' engagement in physical activity. In addition, integrating students' interests into Physical Education programs can result in more successful outcomes regarding to physical fitness, general well-being, and a lifelong commitment to healthy living, mainly when using interventions like Pilates and Aerobics exercises.
   Despite the acknowledged importance of Physical Education, a notable gap exists concerning the declining levels of physical activity, especially among the youth (Romar, 2023). The study conducted by Solak et al. (2022) further emphasized the impact of decreased balancing ability on daily activities and the increased risk of falls. While various exercises, such as Yoga, Tai Chi, Aerobics, and Pilates, have shown promise in improving balance, the comparative effectiveness of Pilates and Aerobic Exercises on balancing ability remains underexplored (Bavlı, 2016; Patti, 2021).
   By evaluating how well Pilates and Aerobic exercises improve balance and increase students’ interest, this study aims to add to the body of knowledge already in the field. While previous research has independently assessed the impact of these exercises on various aspects of physical well-being, a comparative analysis of their influence on balancing ability remains limited (Patti, 2021). Focusing on students in a specific academic setting, like Bukidnon State University, adds a unique perspective, emphasizing practical implications for the academic community.
   The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Pilates and Aerobic Exercises in the enhancement of Balancing-Ability and increasing students’ interest in the subject among First Year students enrolled in Physical Education classes at Bukidnon State University. By addressing the identified gaps in the literature, this research aimed to provide insights into structured exercise interventions that can be universally applicable and adaptable for individuals of all ages and fitness levels. The ultimate goal is to contribute in improving physical health, overall well-being, and the quality of life, particularly for students engaged in Physical Education Programs.

2. Methods
   This section deals with the research methodology that was used in this study. It includes the research design, participants and procedure, instruments and materials used, data analysis and ethical considerations.
   2.1 Research Design
   This study utilized a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test group design. When the researcher's goal was to determine the effectiveness of Pilates and Aerobic Exercises in enhancing students' performance in balancing ability and their interest in the Physical Education subject, a quasi-experimental design was utilized (Bloomfield et al. 2019).
   Similarly, Collins (2020) investigated causal hypotheses using a quasi-experimental design. Participants performed a preliminary observation (pre-test), gave them treatment, and then have conducted a follow-up observation (post-test) as what is referred to as a quasi-experiment. Two distinct exercise regimens, namely: Pilates and Aerobics Exercises, were introduced to two groups in this study.
   2.2 Participants and Procedures
   The study participants were the Two (2) sections of first-year Physical Education students enrolled in the Second Semester of the School Year 2023-2024. The participants of this study age range from Nineteen to Twenty-Three (19-23) years old.
   Simple Random Sampling was utilized in this study. Simple random sampling was used for populations that are highly homogeneous and members of the research team are chosen randomly to participate in the survey (Bhardwaj, 2019). Two (2) sections from PE classes were selected to be the study participants. Section One (1) were the Pilates Group and the section Two (2) are the Aerobic Group.
   2.3 Instruments and Materials Used
   Two (2) instruments were used in gathering data for this study. One of the two instruments was a rubric adapted and modified from the Mini-BESTest: Balance Evaluation Systems Test. It was used to assess balancing skill of an individual through various aspects. Each item is scored on a 3-point scale including 3-(Normal 30 Sec), 2-(Moderate <30 sec), and 1-(Severe Unable), and the total score indicates of the individual's overall balance abilities. The MiniBESTest has gained popularity both as a clinical tool and as a research outcome measure of dynamic balance control, as stated in the study by Boonsinsukh et al. (2016). The other instrument used was a survey questionnaire employing a Likert Scale to assess student's interest in the subject after receiving the treatment.
   Individual Interest Questionnaire (IIQ) was used in this study, which measures students’ inclination and willingness to interact with a subject at school, as well as their favorable attitude toward the subject and propensity to reengage with it over time, and was validated by Rotgans (2015). These questionnaires have the benefit of producing a uniform, unidimensional measure of individual interest that captures the various dimensions of the construct and can be used across the curriculum.
   2.4 Data Analysis
   To facilitate the analysis of the interpretation of data, the following statistical tools were employed:
   Mean and Standard Deviation -- were used to answer problem one and problem three and to explain the mean average of the participants’ score to see if there is progress, as well as the difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of participants.
   Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). This instrument was used to answer problems two and four to determine the significant difference in post-test scores between students who are exposed to Pilates and Aerobics Exercises. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) will be employed to assess changes in the mean values of the dependent variables to the effect of the independent variables.
   This study utilized statistical instrument such as Mean, Standard Deviation and Analysis of Covariance since it is used to examine the study’s hypothesis as stated by Creswell, (2018).
   2.5 Ethical Considerations
   The researchers followed the University protocol to ensure the quality and orderly data collection of the study. The researcher secured permission from the Liceo de Cagayan Research and Ethics Board, as well as permission from the Dean of the School of Teachers Education and the President of Bukidnon State University. Upon approval by the school principal, the researcher then conducted the study. The data will be gathered during the final term of the second semester of the Academic Year 2023-2024.

3. Conclusion
   This section should provide a clear and concise summary of the study’s findings. Conclusions must be based on the results and highlight key insights or implications of the study. Recommendations should emerge logically from the findings and suggest specific, actionable steps. These may include practical applications, policy suggestions, or directions for future research. Indicate the intended audience or beneficiaries of the recommendations. This section should be written in cohesive essay form—not as a numbered list.
   The findings of problem one revealed that students’ balancing ability increased after exposure to Pilates and aerobic exercises. In problem two, it showed that both Pilates and aerobic exercises are equally practical in improving students balancing ability. Pertaining to problem three, students’ interest increased after they were exposed to Pilates and aerobic exercises. And lastly, in problem four, both Pilates and aerobic exercises have a similar impact on students' interest in physical education. Neither Pilates nor aerobic exercises significantly outperformed the other in influencing participants' interest in physical education.

Moreover, physical education instructors could prioritize continuing professional development, including innovative instructional approaches, and emphasize practical application to improve their coaching abilities. To add more, trainers and coaches could incorporate balance drills from Pilates and aerobic workouts into training programs to improve athletes' coordination and stability, particularly in sports that require advanced balancing skills. Furthermore, athletes could consider incorporating exercises like Pilates and aerobics into their training regimens, as these activities enhance coordination, reaction time, and balance. And finally, future researchers could build on the findings of this study to look more into the precise components of Pilates and aerobic exercises that contribute to improved balancing ability. Future research in this area could adjust exercise programs and training regimens to maximize the benefits for people looking to improve their balance and coordination.

The results of the study showed that both Pilates and Aerobics exercises improve students' balancing abilities, showing that both activities have the potential to to contribute to physical health positively. Furthermore, the data show that exposure to both workouts enhances student’s interest in Physical Education, indicating an avenue toward getting students involved in physical activities. It also implies that integrating diverse exercise modalities into educational programs to accommodate various preferences and enhance the benefits for students' general well-being and participation in physical fitness activities.

Furthermore, studying the long-term impact of these exercises on balancing abilities and overall athletic performance could provide helpful information for designing more tailored therapies in sports medicine and physical therapy.

In the 21st century, the field of education has undergone rapid changes, placing increasing demands on student teachers. Bachelor teacher trainees in physical education, in particular, often face both academic and physical pressures that may lead to significant stress.
Purpose: This research aims to understand the level of stress, the causes of stress, and the methods of stress management among student teachers at the National Institute of Physical Education and Sports. Method: The researcher employed a mixed-method approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods. Results: Among the 25 student teachers, 22 experienced moderate stress, while one experienced high stress. The main causes of stress were excessive research assignments, high expectations for academic performance, low self-confidence, and the curriculum. For stress management, the student teachers primarily used coping strategies such as time management and adjusting their attitudes and beliefs. They did not utilize the counseling services at the National Institute because they felt too shy and lacked confidence in the effectiveness of those services.

Empirical evidence indicates that children and adolescents engaged in sports are more likely to meet physical activity guidelines compared to non-participants, and they tend to remain active in adulthood. With the high prevalence of physical inactivity among youth worldwide, sports participation provides a viable means for them to engage in physical activity. Thus, promoting youth sports participation can be an important public health strategy. The prevalence of sports participation among adolescents in the Philippines, particularly in Mindanao, remains undocumented. This cross-sectional study used data from the 2019 Functional Literacy, Education, and Mass Media Survey to describe the prevalence of sports participation among children and adolescents in Mindanao and to examine its correlates. The sample included 4,388,347 children and adolescents aged 10 to 17 years (M = 13.49, SD = 2.26), with 50.8% males and 49.2% females. Findings revealed that only 4.4% of Filipino youth reported engaging in sports. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that older adolescents and females are less likely to participate in sports, whereas those residing in rural areas and attending private schools are more inclined to engage in sports. Results suggest that most Filipino children and adolescents do not participate in any sport activities. Sports leaders, educators, health professionals, local government officials, and policymakers, need to extend sports opportunities to a broader youth demographic, rather than concentrating efforts solely on those already exhibiting athletic tendencies. Females, adolescents, urban residents, and those from public schools could particularly benefit from such initiatives.

Keywords: public health, organized sports, youth

Abstract
Mental health is an important issue in Indonesia, but still faces various challenges. The 2022 Indonesian National Youth Mental Health Survey (I-NAMHS) revealed that: 34% of Indonesian adolescents experience mental health problems. Initial data through observations of 80 students at the Bina Guna Sports and Health College, Department of Physical Education and Recreation Health regarding the description of student mental health, 64 felt easily worried, 66 fearful, 78 shy, 68 distrustful, 42 unfocused and 53 emotional. The focus of this study is to analyze the effect of yoga exercises (Kapha and Hatha), self-compassion (high and low) and gender (female and male). This study used an experimental method with a 2x2x2 factorial design. The population and sample in the study were 40 PJKR students from the 2021 class of the Bina Guna Sports and Health College, consisting of 20 females and 20 males. The measurement of students' mental health used the GHQ-12 mental health questionnaire, which consisted of 24 questions. The results of the two-way repeated measure analysis showed that there was an influence of yoga exercises (Kapha and Hatha) on mental health, there was an influence of self-composition (High and Low) on mental health, there was an influence of gender (female and male) on mental health. The conclusion of this study is that there is an influence of yoga exercises, self-composition, and gender on mental health in STOK Bina Guna Medan students.

Keywords: Yoga, Self Compossion, Gender, Mental Health, Students

Introduction: The massive increase in T2D rates worldwide is primarily due to population aging, rising obesity levels, and physical inactivity. Physical activity minimizes diabetes-related cardiovascular diseases by delaying prehypertension progression. This study aimed to determine the relationship between obesity factors and diabetes mellitus linked to physical activity in Indonesia.
Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS-5) data from 34,241 participants meeting inclusion criteria. Main risk factors were physical activity, obesity, and diabetes mellitus, with age, gender, education, marital status, and cholesterol as confounding variables.
Results: Diabetes mellitus affected 779 respondents while 33,462 were non-diabetic. Non-obese individuals had 59% lower diabetes risk (OR=0.41) than obese individuals. Moderate physical activity reduced diabetes risk by 17% (OR=0.83, 95%CI: 0.672-1.034), while vigorous activity provided 45% risk reduction (OR=0.55). Low physical activity had highest diabetes risk (OR=1.121, 95%CI: 0.948-1.326), while moderate to vigorous activity had significantly lower risk (OR=0.552, 95%CI: 0.443-0.687).
Conclusion: Individuals with low physical activity had highest diabetes risk. Obesity combined with low physical activity significantly increases diabetes mellitus risk in the Indonesian population.

Abstract
Adolescents, particularly student-athletes, face heightened vulnerability to stress, anxiety, and symptoms of depression (SAD) due to ongoing brain maturation, academic demands, and competitive pressures. Unaddressed psychological challenges can negatively impact their athletic performance, academic success, social development, and overall well-being. This quantitative study assessed SAD levels among 391 junior and senior high school student-athletes from Region 10 (Northern Mindanao), Philippines, using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale – 21 Items (DASS-21). Respondents were selected through stratified random sampling based on competition level (local, regional, national). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 12, and all ethical protocols—including informed consent, assent, and confidentiality—were strictly followed. Findings revealed that student-athletes exhibited mild levels of stress, severe levels of anxiety, and mild levels of depression. These results indicate that adolescent athletes are at significant emotional risk, with anxiety emerging as the most pressing psychological concern. The study underscores the need for targeted psychological interventions, such as stress management programs, mental health awareness campaigns, and coach-led support initiatives, to reduce SAD levels among student-athletes. Addressing these concerns can enhance their well-being, academic success, and athletic performance, aligning with the goal of holistic learner development in Philippine education.

Keywords: Anxiety, Depression, High School, Level, Stress, Student-Athletes

While the significance of effective hand hygiene (HH) in disease prevention, both in clinical settings and the community, is well-established, there exists a notable research gap concerning the intricate relationship between individual socioeconomic factors and hand-washing behavior among school children. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between hand hygiene and the socioeconomic status of elementary Students in Iligan City. A total of 492 Grade six students from different schools of Iligan City participated in the study comprising 41% male and 59% female. The result showed that most of the respondents - believed that it is important to wash their hands before eating. When it comes to Hand cleaning practices most of the students indicated that they washed their hands when their hands were visibly dirty with water and soap. Furthermore, most of the students used personal towels or handkerchiefs when drying their hands. Furthermore, the results also indicated that there is a significant relationship between the SES of the students and their hand hygiene knowledge level and practices. Therefore, the higher the SES status the higher their hand hygiene knowledge and practices will be. Lasty, including other factors that may affect the hand hygiene knowledge and practices of the students such as gender and age in the study is highly recommended.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status and dysmenorrhea in female students attending the Free Methodist Vocational School in Medan, North Sumatra; to determine the relationship between exercise and dysmenorrhea in female students attending the Free Methodist Vocational School in Medan; and to determine the relationship between nutritional status and exercise with dysmenorrhea in female students attending the Free Methodist Vocational School in Medan. The sample taken in this study was 20 female students. The study was conducted in Medan Helvetia, Medan City, North Sumatra. To conduct this sampling, questionnaires were distributed, body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and the participants' height and weight were measured. The conclusion of the findings: There is a relationship between a person's dietary health and the risk of developing dysmenorrhea. rhitung equals 0.651, and tabel equals 0.4438. There is a relationship between exercising regularly and not experiencing dysmenorrhea. r count is 0.573, while the table value is 0.4438. If f count > f table > 3.88, then Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, which indicates that there is a strong relationship between X1 and X2 together to Y. Based on the hypothesis that has been explained above, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the independent factor and the dependent variable.